AQA PSYCHOLOGY A LEVEL FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS || ALREADY GRADED A+RECENT
VERSION
Social change - ANSWER When a whole society adopts a new belief or way of
thinking which then widely becomes accepted as the norm.
5 stages of minority influence - ANSWER Consistency, Draw attention to a
cause or issue, Augmentation Principle, Snowball Effect and Cognitive Conflict
Drawing attention to a cause or issue - ANSWER Minorities can bring about
social change by drawing the majorities attention.
Cognitive conflict - ANSWER Minority creates a conflict between what
majority group members currently believe and the position advocated by the
majority. Creating conflict/arguments or making someone think twice about an
issues.
Consistency - ANSWER Expressing arguments over time and throughout a
group regardless of the attitudes of those around them
,Augmentation principle - ANSWER If a minority appears willing to take risks
or suffer for their cause/views then they are more likely to be seen as committed
and taken seriously
Snowball effect - ANSWER Relatively small effect (minority influence), spread
more widely and promoted more until it reaches a 'tipping point' or climax at which
it leads to a wide spread social change.
Evaluation of social influence in social change - ANSWER Social change
through minority influence may be very gradual.
Being percieved as 'deviant' limits the influence of minorities
Social norms and the 'boomerang effect' - Schultz et al (2007)
Schultz et al - ANSWER 2007. Suggests an unwelcome problem with social
norms interventions. Although they are typically aimed at people whose behaviour
is less desirable than the norm, the widespread nature of the approach mean those
whose behaviour is more desirable are also exposed. This means that even though
the approach aims to improve behaviour these individuals can sometimes engage in
less desirable behaviour.
Attachment - ANSWER An emotional bond between two people. It is a two-
way process that endures over time. It leads to certain behaviours such as clinging
and proximity seeking, and serves the function of protecting an infant
Caregiver - ANSWER Any person who is providing care for a child, such as a
parent, grandparent, sibling, other family member, childminder, etc.
,Synchrony - ANSWER When two (or more) things move in the same pattern.
Interactional synchrony - ANSWER When two people interact they tend to
mirror what the other is dong in terms of facial and body movements. This includes
imitating emotions as well as behaviours.
Reciprocity - ANSWER Responding to the action of another with a similar
action, where the actions of one partner elicit a response from the other partner.
The responses are not necessarily similar as in interactional synchrony.
Meltzoff and Moore - ANSWER Observational research into interactional
synchrony. Found that as young as two or three weeks old imitated specific facial
and hand gestures. Intra- and inter-observer reliability tested. Video in order to
overcome problems with testing infant behaviour (general activity or specific
imitation). Increased validity as judge had no idea what was being imitated.
Koepke et al - ANSWER Failure to replicate the findings of Meltzoff and
Moore
Multiple attachment - ANSWER Having more than one attachment figure
Primary attachment figure - ANSWER The person who has formed the closest
bond with a child, demonstrated by the intensity of the relationship.
Separation anxiety - ANSWER The distress shown by an infant when separated
from their caregiver.
, Stranger anxiety - ANSWER The distress shown by and infant when
approached by or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar.
Schaffer and Emerson - ANSWER 1964. Conducted a study on the
development of attachments. Studies 60 infants from mainly working-class homes
in Glasgow. Visited every 4 weeks. Mother asked to report on separation anxiety
occurrence and intensity. Stranger anxiety measured using interviewer. Came up
with 4 stages
Indiscriminate attachments - ANSWER Schaffer and Emerson 1964 - Stage 1
Birth - 2 months
Similar response to all objects (animate or inanimate)
The beginnings of attachment - ANSWER Schaffer and Emerson 1964 - Stage
2
4 months
Prefer human company to inanimate objects
Not yet developed stranger anxiety
Generally become more sociable
Discriminate attachment - ANSWER Schaffer and Emerson 1964 - Stage 3
7 months
Developed separation anxiety, formed primary attachment
Start developing stranger anxiety
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS || ALREADY GRADED A+RECENT
VERSION
Social change - ANSWER When a whole society adopts a new belief or way of
thinking which then widely becomes accepted as the norm.
5 stages of minority influence - ANSWER Consistency, Draw attention to a
cause or issue, Augmentation Principle, Snowball Effect and Cognitive Conflict
Drawing attention to a cause or issue - ANSWER Minorities can bring about
social change by drawing the majorities attention.
Cognitive conflict - ANSWER Minority creates a conflict between what
majority group members currently believe and the position advocated by the
majority. Creating conflict/arguments or making someone think twice about an
issues.
Consistency - ANSWER Expressing arguments over time and throughout a
group regardless of the attitudes of those around them
,Augmentation principle - ANSWER If a minority appears willing to take risks
or suffer for their cause/views then they are more likely to be seen as committed
and taken seriously
Snowball effect - ANSWER Relatively small effect (minority influence), spread
more widely and promoted more until it reaches a 'tipping point' or climax at which
it leads to a wide spread social change.
Evaluation of social influence in social change - ANSWER Social change
through minority influence may be very gradual.
Being percieved as 'deviant' limits the influence of minorities
Social norms and the 'boomerang effect' - Schultz et al (2007)
Schultz et al - ANSWER 2007. Suggests an unwelcome problem with social
norms interventions. Although they are typically aimed at people whose behaviour
is less desirable than the norm, the widespread nature of the approach mean those
whose behaviour is more desirable are also exposed. This means that even though
the approach aims to improve behaviour these individuals can sometimes engage in
less desirable behaviour.
Attachment - ANSWER An emotional bond between two people. It is a two-
way process that endures over time. It leads to certain behaviours such as clinging
and proximity seeking, and serves the function of protecting an infant
Caregiver - ANSWER Any person who is providing care for a child, such as a
parent, grandparent, sibling, other family member, childminder, etc.
,Synchrony - ANSWER When two (or more) things move in the same pattern.
Interactional synchrony - ANSWER When two people interact they tend to
mirror what the other is dong in terms of facial and body movements. This includes
imitating emotions as well as behaviours.
Reciprocity - ANSWER Responding to the action of another with a similar
action, where the actions of one partner elicit a response from the other partner.
The responses are not necessarily similar as in interactional synchrony.
Meltzoff and Moore - ANSWER Observational research into interactional
synchrony. Found that as young as two or three weeks old imitated specific facial
and hand gestures. Intra- and inter-observer reliability tested. Video in order to
overcome problems with testing infant behaviour (general activity or specific
imitation). Increased validity as judge had no idea what was being imitated.
Koepke et al - ANSWER Failure to replicate the findings of Meltzoff and
Moore
Multiple attachment - ANSWER Having more than one attachment figure
Primary attachment figure - ANSWER The person who has formed the closest
bond with a child, demonstrated by the intensity of the relationship.
Separation anxiety - ANSWER The distress shown by an infant when separated
from their caregiver.
, Stranger anxiety - ANSWER The distress shown by and infant when
approached by or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar.
Schaffer and Emerson - ANSWER 1964. Conducted a study on the
development of attachments. Studies 60 infants from mainly working-class homes
in Glasgow. Visited every 4 weeks. Mother asked to report on separation anxiety
occurrence and intensity. Stranger anxiety measured using interviewer. Came up
with 4 stages
Indiscriminate attachments - ANSWER Schaffer and Emerson 1964 - Stage 1
Birth - 2 months
Similar response to all objects (animate or inanimate)
The beginnings of attachment - ANSWER Schaffer and Emerson 1964 - Stage
2
4 months
Prefer human company to inanimate objects
Not yet developed stranger anxiety
Generally become more sociable
Discriminate attachment - ANSWER Schaffer and Emerson 1964 - Stage 3
7 months
Developed separation anxiety, formed primary attachment
Start developing stranger anxiety
