SOLUTION MANUAL & TEST BANK
Articulation And Phonology In
Speech Sound Disorders A Clinical
Focus
,Table Of Contents
Chapter 1 Clinical Framework: Basic Terms And Concepts 1
Learning Objectives 1
Chapter Overview 1
Presentation Outlines 2
Keyword Definitions 2
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
4 Additional Learning Materials 6
Multiple Choice Questions 7
True/False Questions 8
Short Answer Questions 9
Essay Questions 9
References 10
Chapter 2 Articulatory Phonetics: Speech Sound Form 11
Learning Objectives 11
Chapter Overview 11
Presentation Outlines 12
Keyword Definitions 12
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
18 Additional Learning Materials 23
Multiple Choice Questions 26
True/False Questions 28
Short Answer Questions 29
Essay Questions 29
References 30
Chapter 3 Phonetic Transcription And Diacritics 31
Learning Objectives 31
Chapter Overview 31
Presentation Outlines 32
Keyword Definitions 32
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
36 Additional Learning Materials 39
Multiple Choice Questions 41
True/False Questions 43
Short Answer Questions 43
, Essay Questions 44
References 44
Chapter 4 Theoretical Considerations And Practical Applications 45
Learning Objectives 45
Chapter Overview 45
Presentation Outlines 46
Keyword Definitions 46
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
49 Additional Learning Materials 51
Multiple Choice Questions 52
True/False Questions 55
Short Answer Questions 55
Essay Questions 56
References 56
Chapter 5 Normal Phonological Development 57
Learning Objectives 57
Chapter Overview 57
Presentation Outlines 58
Keyword Definitions 58
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
63 Additional Learning Materials 63
Multiple Choice Questions 64
True/False Questions 66
Short Answer Questions 67
Essay Questions 68
References 68
Chapter 6 Appraisal: Collection Of Data
69 Learning Objectives 69
Chapter Overview 69
Presentation Outlines 70
Keyword Definitions 70
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
73 Additional Learning Materials 73
Multiple Choice Questions 75
True/False Questions 77
Short Answer Questions 78
, Essay Questions 78
References 79
Chapter 7 Diagnosis: Summarizing Data And Classifying
Speech Sound Disorders 80
Learning Objectives 80
Chapter Overview 80
Presentation Outlines 81
Keyword Definitions 81
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
83 Additional Learning Materials 84
Multiple Choice Questions 84
True/False Questions 87
Short Answer Questions 87
Essay Questions 88
References 88
Chapter 8 Dialects And English As A Second Language
90 Learning Objectives 90
Chapter Overview 90
Presentation Outlines 90
Keyword Definitions 91
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
93 Additional Learning Materials 95
Multiple Choice Questions 96
True/False Questions 98
Short Answer Questions 98
Essay Questions 99
References 99
Chapter 9 Therapy For Articulation Errors: Obtaining An
Accurate Production Of A Speech Sound 100
Learning Objectives 100
Chapter Overview 100
Presentation Outlines 101
Keyword Definitions 101
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
106 Additional Learning Materials 108
Multiple Choice Questions 109
True/False Questions 111
, Short Answer Questions 112
Essay Questions 112
Chapter 10 Treatment Of Phonological Disorders 113
Learning Objectives 113
Chapter Overview 113
Presentation Outlines 114
Keyword Definitions 114
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
117 Additional Learning Materials 118
Multiple Choice Questions 119
True/False Questions 122
Short Answer Questions 122
Essay Questions 123
References 123
Chapter 11 Speech Sound Disorders In Selected Populations 124
Learning Objectives 124
Chapter Overview 124
Presentation Outlines 125
Keyword Definitions 125
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
131 Additional Learning Materials 132
Multiple Choice Questions 133
True/False Questions 135
Short Answer Questions 136
Essay Questions 137
References 137
Test Bank Answers To Questions In Instructor’s
Resource Manual 138
Chapter 1 139
Chapter 2 142
Chapter 3 146
Chapter 4 158
Chapter 5 163
Chapter 6 165
Chapter 7 168
,Chapter 8 171
Chapter 9 176
Chapter 10 179
Chapter 11 182
,Chapter 1
Clinical Framework:
Basic Terms And Concepts
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
When You Have Finished This Chapter, You Should Be Able To:
Define Communication, Speech, And Language.
Define Disorders Of Communication, Speech, And Language.
Distinguish Between Articulation And Speech Sounds
(Phones), Phonology, And Phonemes.
Define Speech Sound Disorder And Understand Its Relationship
To Articulation And Phonological Disorders.
Classify Speech Sound Disorders According To Specific Parameters.
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This Chapter Introduced The Reader To Several Fundamental Terms That Are
Important When Assessing And Treating Speech Sound Disorders. Introductory Terms
Such As Communication, Speech, And Language Were Defined Based On Their
Normal Processes And What A Disorder Of Each Would Entail.
Language Divisions Of Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, And Pragmatics
Provided A Further Delineation Which Could Aid The Reader In Understanding These
Basic Concepts. Speech Sound Form Versus Linguistic Function Were Used To
Distinguish Between The Speech Sound And The Phoneme. Also New To This
Chapter Is The Definition Of Speech Sound Disorders (ASHA Practice Portal, N.D.
American Speech-Language- Hearing Association).
Based On This Definition, A Differentiation Between Speech Sound, Articulation, And
Phonological Disorders Were Presented As Well As Nomenclature That Is Widely Used In
Clinic And Research Relative To These Terms.
New To This Chapter Are Two Ways That Speech Sound Disorders Can Be
Classified. The First Is Based On Subtypes And Etiological Factors (Shriberg Et Al.,
2010) And The Second Is A Differential Diagnosis System Which Was Proposed By
Dodd (1995, 2005). Both Of These Systems Were Examined, Their Clinical Applicability
Discussed.
1
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
, PRESENTATION OUTLINES
1. Review Basic Terms And Concepts, Such As Communication, Language, And
Speech. These Terms Were Defined According To Their Professional Usage, For
Example, As Referenced By The American Speech-Language-Hearing
Association (N.D.), And Their Practical Application.
2. Examine The Subdivisions Of Language: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax,
Semantics, And Pragmatics. Definitions Were Given As Well As The Application
Of These Terms To The Specific Areas Of Language.
3. Define The Broader Term Communication Disorder As Well As Speech Sound
And Language Disorder. These Divisions Will Be Relevant Within Our Clinical
Practice.
4. Introduce The Concepts Of Articulation And Speech Sounds Versus
Phonology And Phonemes. This Is A Delineation Which Will Be Important In
The Discussion Of Speech Sound Disorders As Well As Phonological
Disorders.
5. Define And Delineate The Phoneme, Allophone, Phonotactics And Minimal Pairs
As They Apply To Phonology.
6. Classify Speech Sound Disorders According To Subtypes And Etiological
Factors (Shriberg Et Al., 2010) And A Differential Diagnosis System (Dodd,
1995, 2005).
7. Define Several Terms That Are Used In Clinical And Research Settings To
Discuss Speech Sounds And Speech Sound Disorders.
KEYWORD DEFINITIONS
Communication Is Any Act In Which Information Is Given To Or Received From
Another Person Concerning Facts, Thoughts, Ideas, And Feelings (P. 1).
Communication Refers To Any Way That We Convey Information From One Person To
Another.
Speech Is The Communication Or Expression Of Thoughts In Spoken Language (P. 1). It
Is Oral, Verbal Communication. Speech Can Be Further Divided Into Articulation,
Fluency, And Voice.
Language Can Be Defined As A Complex And Dynamic System Of Conventional
Symbols That Is Used In Various Modes For Thought And Communication (P. 3). It Is
Rule Governed, Includes Variability And Change, And Can Be Used To Communicate
In Many Different Ways. Language Is Described By At Least Five Linguistic
Parameters: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, And Pragmatics.
Phonology Is The Study Of The Sound System Of Language, And Includes The Rules
That Govern Its Spoken Form (P. 2). Phonology A) Analyzes Which Sound Units Are
Within A Language, B) Examines How These Sounds Are Arranged, Their Systematic
Organization And Rule System.
Morphology Studies The Structure Of Words; It Analyzes How Words Are Built Out Of
Morphemes, The Basic Unit Of Morphology (P. 2).
Morpheme Is The Smallest Meaningful Unit Of A Language (P. 2).
Syntax Consists Of Organizational Rules Denoting Word, Phrase, And Clause Order. It
Also Examines The Organization And Relationship Between Words, Word Classes, And
2
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
, Other Sentence Elements (P. 2).
Semantics Is The Study Of Linguistic Meaning And Includes The Meaning Of
Words, Phrases, And Sentences (P. 2).
Pragmatics Is The Study Of Language Used To Communicate Within Various Situational
Contexts (P. 2). Pragmatics Examines Language Use In Context.
Communication Disorder Is The Impairment In The Ability To Receive, Send,
Process, And Comprehend Concepts Including Verbal, Nonverbal, And Graphic
Symbol Systems (P. 3).
Speech Disorder Indicates Oral, Verbal Communication That Is So Deviant From The
Norm That It Is Noticeable Or Interferes With Communication (P. 3). According To The
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (1993), Speech Disorders Are
Divided Into Articulation, Fluency, And Voice Disorders.
Language Disorder Refers To Impaired Comprehension And/Or Use Of Spoken,
Written, And/Or Other Symbol Systems (P. 3). A Language Disorder May Involve One
Or More Of The Following Areas: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, And
Pragmatics.
Hearing Impairment Results From Impaired Auditory Sensitivity (P. 3). Individuals With
Hearing Impairments Are Typically Classified As Either Hard Of Hearing Or Deaf.
Central Auditory Processing Disorder Result In Difficulties With Information Processing Of
Auditory Signals That Are Not Related To Impaired Sensitivity Of The Auditory System.
Articulation Refers To The Totality Of Motor Processes That Result In Speech (P. 4).
It Represents A Highly Complex Activity In Which - Respiratory, Phonatory,
Resonatory, And Articulatory Mechanisms Included - As Many As 100 Muscles May
Be Involved. In The Articulatory Mechanism Alone Up To 22 Muscles May Alter Their
Degree Of Tension Many Times During The Utterance Of A Simple Sentence
(Hanson, 1983). The Sequencing And Timing Of Speech Muscle Activity Is An
Integral Portion Of Articulation.
Speech Sounds Represent Physical Sound Realities; They Are End Products Of
Articulatory Motor Processes (P. 5).
Phones Are Another Name For Speech Sounds (P. 5). They Also Represent Physical
Sound Realities
Phoneme Is The Smallest Linguistic Unit That Is Able, When Combined With Other
Such Units, To Establish Word Meanings And Distinguish Between Them (P. 5). For
Example, In General American English /P/ And /S/ Are Phonemes Because They
Function To Distinguish Between Words Such As "Pat" And "Sat". On The Other
Hand, In General American English The Aspiration Of Stop/Plosives Does Not Have
Phonemic Relevance. The Two Words [Phit] And [Pit], In Spite Of Their Differences In
Production, Do Not Result In Two Words With Different Meanings. However,
Aspiration Versus Nonaspiration Of Stop/Plosives Is Phonemically Relevant In Many
Languages. For Example, In Swahili
[Pɑ] Is The Word For "Climb", However, With An Aspirated [Phɑ], Signifies The
Name For A Specific Type Of Antelope. As Linguistic Units, Phonemes Characterize
How Speech Sounds Function Within A Language To Differentiate Word Meaning.
In Everyday Usage, Professionals Often Do Not Distinguish Between The Terms Speech
Sound And Phoneme. One Could Hear Someone Say That They Transcribed A
Particular Phoneme, For Example. However, Theoretical And Definitional
3
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Articulation And Phonology In
Speech Sound Disorders A Clinical
Focus
,Table Of Contents
Chapter 1 Clinical Framework: Basic Terms And Concepts 1
Learning Objectives 1
Chapter Overview 1
Presentation Outlines 2
Keyword Definitions 2
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
4 Additional Learning Materials 6
Multiple Choice Questions 7
True/False Questions 8
Short Answer Questions 9
Essay Questions 9
References 10
Chapter 2 Articulatory Phonetics: Speech Sound Form 11
Learning Objectives 11
Chapter Overview 11
Presentation Outlines 12
Keyword Definitions 12
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
18 Additional Learning Materials 23
Multiple Choice Questions 26
True/False Questions 28
Short Answer Questions 29
Essay Questions 29
References 30
Chapter 3 Phonetic Transcription And Diacritics 31
Learning Objectives 31
Chapter Overview 31
Presentation Outlines 32
Keyword Definitions 32
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
36 Additional Learning Materials 39
Multiple Choice Questions 41
True/False Questions 43
Short Answer Questions 43
, Essay Questions 44
References 44
Chapter 4 Theoretical Considerations And Practical Applications 45
Learning Objectives 45
Chapter Overview 45
Presentation Outlines 46
Keyword Definitions 46
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
49 Additional Learning Materials 51
Multiple Choice Questions 52
True/False Questions 55
Short Answer Questions 55
Essay Questions 56
References 56
Chapter 5 Normal Phonological Development 57
Learning Objectives 57
Chapter Overview 57
Presentation Outlines 58
Keyword Definitions 58
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
63 Additional Learning Materials 63
Multiple Choice Questions 64
True/False Questions 66
Short Answer Questions 67
Essay Questions 68
References 68
Chapter 6 Appraisal: Collection Of Data
69 Learning Objectives 69
Chapter Overview 69
Presentation Outlines 70
Keyword Definitions 70
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
73 Additional Learning Materials 73
Multiple Choice Questions 75
True/False Questions 77
Short Answer Questions 78
, Essay Questions 78
References 79
Chapter 7 Diagnosis: Summarizing Data And Classifying
Speech Sound Disorders 80
Learning Objectives 80
Chapter Overview 80
Presentation Outlines 81
Keyword Definitions 81
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
83 Additional Learning Materials 84
Multiple Choice Questions 84
True/False Questions 87
Short Answer Questions 87
Essay Questions 88
References 88
Chapter 8 Dialects And English As A Second Language
90 Learning Objectives 90
Chapter Overview 90
Presentation Outlines 90
Keyword Definitions 91
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
93 Additional Learning Materials 95
Multiple Choice Questions 96
True/False Questions 98
Short Answer Questions 98
Essay Questions 99
References 99
Chapter 9 Therapy For Articulation Errors: Obtaining An
Accurate Production Of A Speech Sound 100
Learning Objectives 100
Chapter Overview 100
Presentation Outlines 101
Keyword Definitions 101
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
106 Additional Learning Materials 108
Multiple Choice Questions 109
True/False Questions 111
, Short Answer Questions 112
Essay Questions 112
Chapter 10 Treatment Of Phonological Disorders 113
Learning Objectives 113
Chapter Overview 113
Presentation Outlines 114
Keyword Definitions 114
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
117 Additional Learning Materials 118
Multiple Choice Questions 119
True/False Questions 122
Short Answer Questions 122
Essay Questions 123
References 123
Chapter 11 Speech Sound Disorders In Selected Populations 124
Learning Objectives 124
Chapter Overview 124
Presentation Outlines 125
Keyword Definitions 125
Learning Materials
Answers To Questions From Textbook
131 Additional Learning Materials 132
Multiple Choice Questions 133
True/False Questions 135
Short Answer Questions 136
Essay Questions 137
References 137
Test Bank Answers To Questions In Instructor’s
Resource Manual 138
Chapter 1 139
Chapter 2 142
Chapter 3 146
Chapter 4 158
Chapter 5 163
Chapter 6 165
Chapter 7 168
,Chapter 8 171
Chapter 9 176
Chapter 10 179
Chapter 11 182
,Chapter 1
Clinical Framework:
Basic Terms And Concepts
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
When You Have Finished This Chapter, You Should Be Able To:
Define Communication, Speech, And Language.
Define Disorders Of Communication, Speech, And Language.
Distinguish Between Articulation And Speech Sounds
(Phones), Phonology, And Phonemes.
Define Speech Sound Disorder And Understand Its Relationship
To Articulation And Phonological Disorders.
Classify Speech Sound Disorders According To Specific Parameters.
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This Chapter Introduced The Reader To Several Fundamental Terms That Are
Important When Assessing And Treating Speech Sound Disorders. Introductory Terms
Such As Communication, Speech, And Language Were Defined Based On Their
Normal Processes And What A Disorder Of Each Would Entail.
Language Divisions Of Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, And Pragmatics
Provided A Further Delineation Which Could Aid The Reader In Understanding These
Basic Concepts. Speech Sound Form Versus Linguistic Function Were Used To
Distinguish Between The Speech Sound And The Phoneme. Also New To This
Chapter Is The Definition Of Speech Sound Disorders (ASHA Practice Portal, N.D.
American Speech-Language- Hearing Association).
Based On This Definition, A Differentiation Between Speech Sound, Articulation, And
Phonological Disorders Were Presented As Well As Nomenclature That Is Widely Used In
Clinic And Research Relative To These Terms.
New To This Chapter Are Two Ways That Speech Sound Disorders Can Be
Classified. The First Is Based On Subtypes And Etiological Factors (Shriberg Et Al.,
2010) And The Second Is A Differential Diagnosis System Which Was Proposed By
Dodd (1995, 2005). Both Of These Systems Were Examined, Their Clinical Applicability
Discussed.
1
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
, PRESENTATION OUTLINES
1. Review Basic Terms And Concepts, Such As Communication, Language, And
Speech. These Terms Were Defined According To Their Professional Usage, For
Example, As Referenced By The American Speech-Language-Hearing
Association (N.D.), And Their Practical Application.
2. Examine The Subdivisions Of Language: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax,
Semantics, And Pragmatics. Definitions Were Given As Well As The Application
Of These Terms To The Specific Areas Of Language.
3. Define The Broader Term Communication Disorder As Well As Speech Sound
And Language Disorder. These Divisions Will Be Relevant Within Our Clinical
Practice.
4. Introduce The Concepts Of Articulation And Speech Sounds Versus
Phonology And Phonemes. This Is A Delineation Which Will Be Important In
The Discussion Of Speech Sound Disorders As Well As Phonological
Disorders.
5. Define And Delineate The Phoneme, Allophone, Phonotactics And Minimal Pairs
As They Apply To Phonology.
6. Classify Speech Sound Disorders According To Subtypes And Etiological
Factors (Shriberg Et Al., 2010) And A Differential Diagnosis System (Dodd,
1995, 2005).
7. Define Several Terms That Are Used In Clinical And Research Settings To
Discuss Speech Sounds And Speech Sound Disorders.
KEYWORD DEFINITIONS
Communication Is Any Act In Which Information Is Given To Or Received From
Another Person Concerning Facts, Thoughts, Ideas, And Feelings (P. 1).
Communication Refers To Any Way That We Convey Information From One Person To
Another.
Speech Is The Communication Or Expression Of Thoughts In Spoken Language (P. 1). It
Is Oral, Verbal Communication. Speech Can Be Further Divided Into Articulation,
Fluency, And Voice.
Language Can Be Defined As A Complex And Dynamic System Of Conventional
Symbols That Is Used In Various Modes For Thought And Communication (P. 3). It Is
Rule Governed, Includes Variability And Change, And Can Be Used To Communicate
In Many Different Ways. Language Is Described By At Least Five Linguistic
Parameters: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, And Pragmatics.
Phonology Is The Study Of The Sound System Of Language, And Includes The Rules
That Govern Its Spoken Form (P. 2). Phonology A) Analyzes Which Sound Units Are
Within A Language, B) Examines How These Sounds Are Arranged, Their Systematic
Organization And Rule System.
Morphology Studies The Structure Of Words; It Analyzes How Words Are Built Out Of
Morphemes, The Basic Unit Of Morphology (P. 2).
Morpheme Is The Smallest Meaningful Unit Of A Language (P. 2).
Syntax Consists Of Organizational Rules Denoting Word, Phrase, And Clause Order. It
Also Examines The Organization And Relationship Between Words, Word Classes, And
2
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
, Other Sentence Elements (P. 2).
Semantics Is The Study Of Linguistic Meaning And Includes The Meaning Of
Words, Phrases, And Sentences (P. 2).
Pragmatics Is The Study Of Language Used To Communicate Within Various Situational
Contexts (P. 2). Pragmatics Examines Language Use In Context.
Communication Disorder Is The Impairment In The Ability To Receive, Send,
Process, And Comprehend Concepts Including Verbal, Nonverbal, And Graphic
Symbol Systems (P. 3).
Speech Disorder Indicates Oral, Verbal Communication That Is So Deviant From The
Norm That It Is Noticeable Or Interferes With Communication (P. 3). According To The
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (1993), Speech Disorders Are
Divided Into Articulation, Fluency, And Voice Disorders.
Language Disorder Refers To Impaired Comprehension And/Or Use Of Spoken,
Written, And/Or Other Symbol Systems (P. 3). A Language Disorder May Involve One
Or More Of The Following Areas: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, And
Pragmatics.
Hearing Impairment Results From Impaired Auditory Sensitivity (P. 3). Individuals With
Hearing Impairments Are Typically Classified As Either Hard Of Hearing Or Deaf.
Central Auditory Processing Disorder Result In Difficulties With Information Processing Of
Auditory Signals That Are Not Related To Impaired Sensitivity Of The Auditory System.
Articulation Refers To The Totality Of Motor Processes That Result In Speech (P. 4).
It Represents A Highly Complex Activity In Which - Respiratory, Phonatory,
Resonatory, And Articulatory Mechanisms Included - As Many As 100 Muscles May
Be Involved. In The Articulatory Mechanism Alone Up To 22 Muscles May Alter Their
Degree Of Tension Many Times During The Utterance Of A Simple Sentence
(Hanson, 1983). The Sequencing And Timing Of Speech Muscle Activity Is An
Integral Portion Of Articulation.
Speech Sounds Represent Physical Sound Realities; They Are End Products Of
Articulatory Motor Processes (P. 5).
Phones Are Another Name For Speech Sounds (P. 5). They Also Represent Physical
Sound Realities
Phoneme Is The Smallest Linguistic Unit That Is Able, When Combined With Other
Such Units, To Establish Word Meanings And Distinguish Between Them (P. 5). For
Example, In General American English /P/ And /S/ Are Phonemes Because They
Function To Distinguish Between Words Such As "Pat" And "Sat". On The Other
Hand, In General American English The Aspiration Of Stop/Plosives Does Not Have
Phonemic Relevance. The Two Words [Phit] And [Pit], In Spite Of Their Differences In
Production, Do Not Result In Two Words With Different Meanings. However,
Aspiration Versus Nonaspiration Of Stop/Plosives Is Phonemically Relevant In Many
Languages. For Example, In Swahili
[Pɑ] Is The Word For "Climb", However, With An Aspirated [Phɑ], Signifies The
Name For A Specific Type Of Antelope. As Linguistic Units, Phonemes Characterize
How Speech Sounds Function Within A Language To Differentiate Word Meaning.
In Everyday Usage, Professionals Often Do Not Distinguish Between The Terms Speech
Sound And Phoneme. One Could Hear Someone Say That They Transcribed A
Particular Phoneme, For Example. However, Theoretical And Definitional
3
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
