1|Page
PHGY 216 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST 2026 ACTUAL EXAM WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR
VERIFIED|| ||BRANDNEW!!!||
what is the adrenal glands? what are the 2 different parts? -
ANSWER-adrenal cortex (outer) secretes steroid hormones and
adrenal medulla (inner) secretes catecholamines
what can the adrenal cortex be separated into? - ANSWER-zona
glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
what are the 3 categories of adrenal cortex hormones? -
ANSWER-mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones
what do mineralocorticoids do? - ANSWER-regulate electrolytes
and mineral balance
What do glucocorticoids do? - ANSWER-role in glucose, lipid and
protein metabolism
,2|Page
what do sex hormones do? - ANSWER-identical/similar to those
produced by ovaries, produced in lower quantities
Why is aldosterone important? - ANSWER-essential for sodium
conservation in kidneys, salivary glands, sweat glands and colon.
if absent, extracellular fluid volumes drop, causing decrease in
blood pressure that can lead to circulatory shock
what is cortisols role in stress response? - ANSWER-cortisol
causes a shift away from protein and fat stores while increasing
carb stores, this increased availability of glucose ensures
adequate brain activity
what is cortisol's role in metabolism? - ANSWER-cortisol inhibits
glucose uptake by most tissues, breaks down lipid stores to be
used as fuel source and stimulates gluconeogenesis
what is involved in the integrated stress response ? - ANSWER-
sympathetic NS and EPI, CRH-ATCH-Cortisol system, insulin and
glucagon, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA)
,3|Page
how is sympathetic NS and Epi involved in integrated stress
response? - ANSWER-permits the body to overcome anything
preventing escape, works with endocrine system to secrete epi,
see increased muscle strength, mental activity, BP, metabolism
how is CRH-ATCH-Cortisol system involved in integrated stress
response? - ANSWER-cortisol increases blood glucose, free fatty
acids to provide energy. ATCH may play a role in resisting stress,
in formation of ATCH, natural morphine is made
how is insulin and glucagon involved in integrated stress
response? - ANSWER-also increase blood glucose level.
decrease insulin to reduce rate of glucose removal, increase
glucagon to break down glycogen
How is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System involved in
integrated stress response? - ANSWER-increase in vasopressin
and angiotensin II to vasoconstrict blood vessels to increase BP
what is summary of integrated stress response - ANSWER-
hypothalamus recieves stress, activation of sym NS, secretion of
, 4|Page
CRH to stimulate ATCH and cortisol, SNS triggers release of epi,
which influences insulin and glucagon, vasoconstriction due to epi
triggers RAA as less blood flow to kidneys
how is growth hormone secreted? - ANSWER-produced by the
ant pit.
what are the anabolic effects of growth hormone on bone and
tissue? - ANSWER-in soft tissue, can increase the number of cells
through stimulating cell division. division and increase in # of
chondrocytes can cause bones to grow
what is process of bone growth in length - ANSWER-- cartilage
forming cells called chondrocytes divide and increase and this
causes bone to grow cause they arrange in columns
- as chondrocytes mature, they hypertrophy which further pushes
epiphysis away from diaphysis
- formation of new chondrocytes is matched with removal of dead
ones so width stays consistent
- at end of adolescene, sex hormones cause plates to completely
ossify
PHGY 216 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST 2026 ACTUAL EXAM WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+| ||PROFESSOR
VERIFIED|| ||BRANDNEW!!!||
what is the adrenal glands? what are the 2 different parts? -
ANSWER-adrenal cortex (outer) secretes steroid hormones and
adrenal medulla (inner) secretes catecholamines
what can the adrenal cortex be separated into? - ANSWER-zona
glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
what are the 3 categories of adrenal cortex hormones? -
ANSWER-mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones
what do mineralocorticoids do? - ANSWER-regulate electrolytes
and mineral balance
What do glucocorticoids do? - ANSWER-role in glucose, lipid and
protein metabolism
,2|Page
what do sex hormones do? - ANSWER-identical/similar to those
produced by ovaries, produced in lower quantities
Why is aldosterone important? - ANSWER-essential for sodium
conservation in kidneys, salivary glands, sweat glands and colon.
if absent, extracellular fluid volumes drop, causing decrease in
blood pressure that can lead to circulatory shock
what is cortisols role in stress response? - ANSWER-cortisol
causes a shift away from protein and fat stores while increasing
carb stores, this increased availability of glucose ensures
adequate brain activity
what is cortisol's role in metabolism? - ANSWER-cortisol inhibits
glucose uptake by most tissues, breaks down lipid stores to be
used as fuel source and stimulates gluconeogenesis
what is involved in the integrated stress response ? - ANSWER-
sympathetic NS and EPI, CRH-ATCH-Cortisol system, insulin and
glucagon, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA)
,3|Page
how is sympathetic NS and Epi involved in integrated stress
response? - ANSWER-permits the body to overcome anything
preventing escape, works with endocrine system to secrete epi,
see increased muscle strength, mental activity, BP, metabolism
how is CRH-ATCH-Cortisol system involved in integrated stress
response? - ANSWER-cortisol increases blood glucose, free fatty
acids to provide energy. ATCH may play a role in resisting stress,
in formation of ATCH, natural morphine is made
how is insulin and glucagon involved in integrated stress
response? - ANSWER-also increase blood glucose level.
decrease insulin to reduce rate of glucose removal, increase
glucagon to break down glycogen
How is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System involved in
integrated stress response? - ANSWER-increase in vasopressin
and angiotensin II to vasoconstrict blood vessels to increase BP
what is summary of integrated stress response - ANSWER-
hypothalamus recieves stress, activation of sym NS, secretion of
, 4|Page
CRH to stimulate ATCH and cortisol, SNS triggers release of epi,
which influences insulin and glucagon, vasoconstriction due to epi
triggers RAA as less blood flow to kidneys
how is growth hormone secreted? - ANSWER-produced by the
ant pit.
what are the anabolic effects of growth hormone on bone and
tissue? - ANSWER-in soft tissue, can increase the number of cells
through stimulating cell division. division and increase in # of
chondrocytes can cause bones to grow
what is process of bone growth in length - ANSWER-- cartilage
forming cells called chondrocytes divide and increase and this
causes bone to grow cause they arrange in columns
- as chondrocytes mature, they hypertrophy which further pushes
epiphysis away from diaphysis
- formation of new chondrocytes is matched with removal of dead
ones so width stays consistent
- at end of adolescene, sex hormones cause plates to completely
ossify
