NEURO DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+ 2025/2026
ACA stroke common symptoms - ANS lower extremity, hemiparesis and hemisensory loss,
abulia, apraxia, urinary incontinence
MCA stroke common symptoms - ANS upper extremity, homonymous hemianopia, Wernickes
and Brocas aphasia, unilateral neglect, spatial disorganization
PCA stroke common symptoms - ANS contralateral homonymous hemianopsia, visual
agnosia, dyslexia without agraphia, memory defect, choreoathetosis, intention tremor,
hemiballismsy
right hemisphere stroke - ANS left sided hemiplegia, left sensory loss, left sided unilateral
neglect, agnosia, visuospatial disorder, quick, impulsive behavior, poor judgement, difficulty
with abstract reasoning, difficulty expressing negative emotions
left hemisphere stroke - ANS right sided hemiplegia, right sensory loss, aphasia (Wernickes,
brocas, global), slow, cautious, disorganized, difficulty with expression of positive emotions
upper extremity flexion synergy pattern - ANS Scapular retraction/elevation, shoulder
abduction, external rotation, elbow flexion*, forearm supination, wrist and finger flexion*
1 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, lower extremity flexion synergy - ANS hip flexion, abduction, ER, knee flexion, ankle DF,
inversion, toe DF
upper extremity extension synergy - ANS scapular protraction, shoulder adduction, IR, elbow
extension, forearm pronation, wrist/finger flexion
hip extension synergy - ANS hip extension, adduction, IR, knee extension, ankle PF, inversion,
toe plantarflexion
brunnstrom stages of stroke recovery - ANS Stage 1: Flaccidity
- No active limb movement
Stage 2: Beginning of minimal voluntary movement
- In synergy, with associated reactions
- Increase tone
Stage 3: Voluntary control of movement synergy (Spasticity at peak)
- arm becomes spastic, muscles feel stiff and tight
Stage 4: Movement outside of synergy
- Decrease tone
Stage 5: Increase complex movement, greater independence from limb synergies
Stage 6: no spasticity and movements are voluntary
Stage 7: Normal function
what is the functional independence measure - ANS level of functional mobility, ADLs,
cognition, communication
agnosia - ANS inability to recognize faces, voices, objects or places. cannot recognize things
despite the specific sense remaining intact
Somatoagnosia - ANS lack of awareness of the body structure of relationship of body parts to
oneself
2 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+ 2025/2026
ACA stroke common symptoms - ANS lower extremity, hemiparesis and hemisensory loss,
abulia, apraxia, urinary incontinence
MCA stroke common symptoms - ANS upper extremity, homonymous hemianopia, Wernickes
and Brocas aphasia, unilateral neglect, spatial disorganization
PCA stroke common symptoms - ANS contralateral homonymous hemianopsia, visual
agnosia, dyslexia without agraphia, memory defect, choreoathetosis, intention tremor,
hemiballismsy
right hemisphere stroke - ANS left sided hemiplegia, left sensory loss, left sided unilateral
neglect, agnosia, visuospatial disorder, quick, impulsive behavior, poor judgement, difficulty
with abstract reasoning, difficulty expressing negative emotions
left hemisphere stroke - ANS right sided hemiplegia, right sensory loss, aphasia (Wernickes,
brocas, global), slow, cautious, disorganized, difficulty with expression of positive emotions
upper extremity flexion synergy pattern - ANS Scapular retraction/elevation, shoulder
abduction, external rotation, elbow flexion*, forearm supination, wrist and finger flexion*
1 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, lower extremity flexion synergy - ANS hip flexion, abduction, ER, knee flexion, ankle DF,
inversion, toe DF
upper extremity extension synergy - ANS scapular protraction, shoulder adduction, IR, elbow
extension, forearm pronation, wrist/finger flexion
hip extension synergy - ANS hip extension, adduction, IR, knee extension, ankle PF, inversion,
toe plantarflexion
brunnstrom stages of stroke recovery - ANS Stage 1: Flaccidity
- No active limb movement
Stage 2: Beginning of minimal voluntary movement
- In synergy, with associated reactions
- Increase tone
Stage 3: Voluntary control of movement synergy (Spasticity at peak)
- arm becomes spastic, muscles feel stiff and tight
Stage 4: Movement outside of synergy
- Decrease tone
Stage 5: Increase complex movement, greater independence from limb synergies
Stage 6: no spasticity and movements are voluntary
Stage 7: Normal function
what is the functional independence measure - ANS level of functional mobility, ADLs,
cognition, communication
agnosia - ANS inability to recognize faces, voices, objects or places. cannot recognize things
despite the specific sense remaining intact
Somatoagnosia - ANS lack of awareness of the body structure of relationship of body parts to
oneself
2 @COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
