This notes on Carbohydrate Metabolism includes the following major topics:
Metabolic Regulation of Carbohydrate Pathways
• Regulation of Glycolysis
• Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
• Regulation of Citric Acid (TCA) Cycle
• Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism
• Glycogenesis
• Glycogenolysis
• Hormonal control (Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine)
• Key regulatory enzymes and rate-limiting steps
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
• Oxidative and Non-oxidative phases
• Formation of NADPH
• Formation of Ribose-5-phosphate
• Clinical and physiological significance
• Importance in liver, adipose tissue and RBCs
3️. Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
A. Galactose Metabolism Disorder
• Galactosemia
, B. Fructose Metabolism Disorders
• Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
• Essential Fructosuria
C. Glycogen Storage Diseases (GSD)
• Von Gierke Disease (Type I)
• Pompe Disease (Type II)
• Cori Disease (Type III)
• McArdle Disease (Type V)
4️.Exam-Oriented Content Included
• Flow charts
• Labeled diagrams
• Key enzyme tables
• 20-mark answer format
• Short & long questions
• MCQs with answers
• Quick revision summaries