NUTR-313 Final: Lecture 32 (Nutrition for
Reproduction) Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest 2026)
Nutrient Needs for Pregnancy & Lactation - Correct Answers
✅So we are going to start by talking about the needs that we
have during the pregnancy and lactation phases.
1.) This is actually an interesting topic in terms of behavioral
nutritional needs because a lot of us tend to have changed
behavioral patterns during pregnancy
2.) There are a lot of theories about why this happens from
very biological explanations and neurohormonal changes and
maybe even real genuine cravings for nutrients and changes
in the diet that are centered on our needs
→ But, more people think it is just because our hedonic
eating, or our pleasurable eating needs change and we tend
to psychosocial think we are eating for two
So, we have all sorts of interesting psychosocial behavioral
things that we could discuss, but we are going to stick to just
talking about research-based nutrient calculations, how we
figured out how many extra milligrams or grams of certain
nutrients pregnant women need to accommodate their own
maintenance as well as develop the very quickly growing
fetus.
Energy & Macronutrients for Pregnancy - Correct Answers
✅So we are going to talk about the DRI and some of the
different components of pregnancy requirements:
1.) So, the first thing you see is energy and macronutrients
for pregnancy
,NUTR-313 Final: Lecture 32 (Nutrition for
Reproduction) Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest 2026)
→ So we do not actually have an increase in needs for either
one of these two components until trimester two and three
and we can see that once the fetus has gained a little size
and placental and maternal tissues have grown a little bit, we
do have an increased need for calories and these calories are
going to come from, or how we determine the need for these,
are through what is called balance studies
⤷ Balance Studies: So they will very carefully calculate what
someone's bringing in, and not only of calories but also of
carbohydrates, protein, and all the other nutrients that they
have determined using these methods. They will measure
very carefully how much comes in, very carefully how much
is lost through skin losses, urinary losses, all the different
ways that we expel nutrients from our body and then they
will take the difference from that and call that our retained
nutrient levels
⬩ This was the perfect way to determine extra nutrient needs
for pregnant women because however much was retained we
could assume it covered their maintenance needs which we
already knew from all of that research on just healthy adults,
and then we could add in the amount needed for the fetus
both in the deposition of the placental tissue and the fetal
tissue
2.) And so this is exactly how they determine the needs for
protein!
→ You can see that the daily placental need and fetal needs
was 25 grams for protein and you can very nicely see that 25
gram difference between the non-pregnant and pregnant RDA
, NUTR-313 Final: Lecture 32 (Nutrition for
Reproduction) Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest 2026)
→ In trimester two and three it is anywhere from 350 to 450
calories per dat
Micronutrients for Pregnancy - Correct Answers ✅Looking
at micronutrient needs (vitamins and minerals) we can see
that the daily pregnancy need for iron is 22.
1.) Now, there is some interesting things going on with iron
because they did the methods the same way, the whole
balance concept of intake and losses and that is going to
equal what we needed, but in the instance of iron there was
also the whole concept of erythrocyte mass!
→ So pregnant women, as we all learned, they have a huge
expansion in their blood volume and their water and so
because of that they have a to have a lot more red blood
cells that they produce and that takes more iron!
→ So, that expansion in erythrocyte mass is included and
then counts in that 22mg of iron daily that is needed
2.) But, something interesting is that you can see the
pregnant versus non-pregnant RDA is actually not too much
higher, and that is because of the loss or the cessation of
menstrual losses. There is no more being lost from monthly
menstrual cycles!
3.) Also with iron, we can see that they are accounting now
for bioavailability (and we introduced this in the mineral
chapter talking about how certain things bind to minerals and
affect how well they are absorbed and retained)
Reproduction) Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest 2026)
Nutrient Needs for Pregnancy & Lactation - Correct Answers
✅So we are going to start by talking about the needs that we
have during the pregnancy and lactation phases.
1.) This is actually an interesting topic in terms of behavioral
nutritional needs because a lot of us tend to have changed
behavioral patterns during pregnancy
2.) There are a lot of theories about why this happens from
very biological explanations and neurohormonal changes and
maybe even real genuine cravings for nutrients and changes
in the diet that are centered on our needs
→ But, more people think it is just because our hedonic
eating, or our pleasurable eating needs change and we tend
to psychosocial think we are eating for two
So, we have all sorts of interesting psychosocial behavioral
things that we could discuss, but we are going to stick to just
talking about research-based nutrient calculations, how we
figured out how many extra milligrams or grams of certain
nutrients pregnant women need to accommodate their own
maintenance as well as develop the very quickly growing
fetus.
Energy & Macronutrients for Pregnancy - Correct Answers
✅So we are going to talk about the DRI and some of the
different components of pregnancy requirements:
1.) So, the first thing you see is energy and macronutrients
for pregnancy
,NUTR-313 Final: Lecture 32 (Nutrition for
Reproduction) Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest 2026)
→ So we do not actually have an increase in needs for either
one of these two components until trimester two and three
and we can see that once the fetus has gained a little size
and placental and maternal tissues have grown a little bit, we
do have an increased need for calories and these calories are
going to come from, or how we determine the need for these,
are through what is called balance studies
⤷ Balance Studies: So they will very carefully calculate what
someone's bringing in, and not only of calories but also of
carbohydrates, protein, and all the other nutrients that they
have determined using these methods. They will measure
very carefully how much comes in, very carefully how much
is lost through skin losses, urinary losses, all the different
ways that we expel nutrients from our body and then they
will take the difference from that and call that our retained
nutrient levels
⬩ This was the perfect way to determine extra nutrient needs
for pregnant women because however much was retained we
could assume it covered their maintenance needs which we
already knew from all of that research on just healthy adults,
and then we could add in the amount needed for the fetus
both in the deposition of the placental tissue and the fetal
tissue
2.) And so this is exactly how they determine the needs for
protein!
→ You can see that the daily placental need and fetal needs
was 25 grams for protein and you can very nicely see that 25
gram difference between the non-pregnant and pregnant RDA
, NUTR-313 Final: Lecture 32 (Nutrition for
Reproduction) Exam Questions and
Answers (Latest 2026)
→ In trimester two and three it is anywhere from 350 to 450
calories per dat
Micronutrients for Pregnancy - Correct Answers ✅Looking
at micronutrient needs (vitamins and minerals) we can see
that the daily pregnancy need for iron is 22.
1.) Now, there is some interesting things going on with iron
because they did the methods the same way, the whole
balance concept of intake and losses and that is going to
equal what we needed, but in the instance of iron there was
also the whole concept of erythrocyte mass!
→ So pregnant women, as we all learned, they have a huge
expansion in their blood volume and their water and so
because of that they have a to have a lot more red blood
cells that they produce and that takes more iron!
→ So, that expansion in erythrocyte mass is included and
then counts in that 22mg of iron daily that is needed
2.) But, something interesting is that you can see the
pregnant versus non-pregnant RDA is actually not too much
higher, and that is because of the loss or the cessation of
menstrual losses. There is no more being lost from monthly
menstrual cycles!
3.) Also with iron, we can see that they are accounting now
for bioavailability (and we introduced this in the mineral
chapter talking about how certain things bind to minerals and
affect how well they are absorbed and retained)
