NUR 631 FINAL Exam QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% RATED CORRECT
WITH 100% SURE PASS|GRADED A+
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem?
Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
Number of mast cells is insufficient. - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: C
In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead be
linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Older adults may have
circulatory problems, but that would not lead directly to impaired inflammation and wound healing.
Older people do not have deficient complement and chemotaxis, nor do they have insufficient mast cell
numbers.
In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B
cells?
Thymus gland
Regional lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Spleen - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: C
B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the thymus gland
for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the spleen are involved in
changing B lymphocytes into B cells.
An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (Select all that apply.)
T lymphocytes
,B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Opsonins
Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: A, B, C
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are involved in acquired immunity.
Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system;
these cells are primarily neutrophils. Neutrophils are white blood cells.
The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of
immunoglobulins?
IgE
IgG
IgM
T cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: A
Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells. The most
common allergies (e.g., pollen allergies) are type I reactions. In addition, most type I reactions occur
against environmental antigens and are therefore allergic. Hay fever allergy is not mediated by IgG, IgM,
or T cells.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?
a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Eosinophils
d. T lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: C
Of the options provided, only eosinophils are activated during IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?
a. Bronchial edema caused by the chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
,b. Bronchial edema caused by binding of the cytotropic antibody
c. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
d. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H2 receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS
ANS: C
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine
bound to H1 receptors results in bronchospasms. The bronchospasm is not caused by edema or by
histamine binding to H2 receptors.
A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare
professional is best?
a. Give the patient an antihistamine.
b. Prepare to give the patient a blood transfusion.
c. Ask the patient is he/she is having pain at the site.
d. Apply warm, moist heat to the affected area. - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: A
Histamine is the most potent mediator in an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction (Type 1). Histamine
bound to H2 results in the degranulation of mast cells with the release of histamine. Blocking histamine
receptors with antihistamines can control some type I responses. The healthcare professional would not
need to give the patient blood; warm; moist heat; or ask about pain.
A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions. What description
by the professor is best?
a. Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by a discharge of preformed mediators.
b. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the
immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues.
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack
and destroy cellular targets.
d. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: D
, The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction begins with antibody binding to tissue-
specific antigens or antigens that have attached to particular tissues. The cell can be destroyed by
antibody IgG or IgM and activation of the complement cascade through the classical pathway.
How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation
b. Antigen-antibody complexes deposited in vessel walls
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack the cell directly.
d. Natural killer cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction involves a subpopulation of cytotoxic
cells that are not antigen specific (natural killer [NK] cells). Antibody on the target cell is recognized by Fc
receptors on the NK cells, which releases toxic substances that destroy the target cell. Tissue damage
from mast cell degranulation occurs in type I hypersensitivity reactions. Antigen-antibody complexes are
active in type III hypersensitivity responses. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are involved in type IV
hypersensitivity responses.
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Modulation
b. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
c. Neutrophil-mediated damage
d. Complement-mediated lysis - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: A
The antibody reacts with the receptors on the target cell surface and modulates the function of the
receptor by preventing interactions with their normal ligands, replacing the ligand and inappropriately
stimulating the receptor or destroying the receptor. For example, in the hyperthyroidism (excessive
thyroid activity) of Graves disease, autoantibody binds to and activates receptors for thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) (a pituitary hormone that controls the production of the hormone thyroxine by the
thyroid). Graves disease is not a result of cell- mediated cytotoxicity, neutrophil-mediated damage, or
complement-mediated lysis.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction? a. I
b. II c. III d. IV - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: A
ANSWERS 100% RATED CORRECT
WITH 100% SURE PASS|GRADED A+
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem?
Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
Number of mast cells is insufficient. - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: C
In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead be
linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Older adults may have
circulatory problems, but that would not lead directly to impaired inflammation and wound healing.
Older people do not have deficient complement and chemotaxis, nor do they have insufficient mast cell
numbers.
In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B
cells?
Thymus gland
Regional lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Spleen - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: C
B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the thymus gland
for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the spleen are involved in
changing B lymphocytes into B cells.
An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (Select all that apply.)
T lymphocytes
,B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Opsonins
Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: A, B, C
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are involved in acquired immunity.
Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system;
these cells are primarily neutrophils. Neutrophils are white blood cells.
The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of
immunoglobulins?
IgE
IgG
IgM
T cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: A
Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells. The most
common allergies (e.g., pollen allergies) are type I reactions. In addition, most type I reactions occur
against environmental antigens and are therefore allergic. Hay fever allergy is not mediated by IgG, IgM,
or T cells.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?
a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Eosinophils
d. T lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: C
Of the options provided, only eosinophils are activated during IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?
a. Bronchial edema caused by the chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
,b. Bronchial edema caused by binding of the cytotropic antibody
c. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
d. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H2 receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS
ANS: C
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine
bound to H1 receptors results in bronchospasms. The bronchospasm is not caused by edema or by
histamine binding to H2 receptors.
A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare
professional is best?
a. Give the patient an antihistamine.
b. Prepare to give the patient a blood transfusion.
c. Ask the patient is he/she is having pain at the site.
d. Apply warm, moist heat to the affected area. - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: A
Histamine is the most potent mediator in an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction (Type 1). Histamine
bound to H2 results in the degranulation of mast cells with the release of histamine. Blocking histamine
receptors with antihistamines can control some type I responses. The healthcare professional would not
need to give the patient blood; warm; moist heat; or ask about pain.
A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions. What description
by the professor is best?
a. Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by a discharge of preformed mediators.
b. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the
immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues.
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack
and destroy cellular targets.
d. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: D
, The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction begins with antibody binding to tissue-
specific antigens or antigens that have attached to particular tissues. The cell can be destroyed by
antibody IgG or IgM and activation of the complement cascade through the classical pathway.
How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation
b. Antigen-antibody complexes deposited in vessel walls
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack the cell directly.
d. Natural killer cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction involves a subpopulation of cytotoxic
cells that are not antigen specific (natural killer [NK] cells). Antibody on the target cell is recognized by Fc
receptors on the NK cells, which releases toxic substances that destroy the target cell. Tissue damage
from mast cell degranulation occurs in type I hypersensitivity reactions. Antigen-antibody complexes are
active in type III hypersensitivity responses. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are involved in type IV
hypersensitivity responses.
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Modulation
b. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
c. Neutrophil-mediated damage
d. Complement-mediated lysis - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: A
The antibody reacts with the receptors on the target cell surface and modulates the function of the
receptor by preventing interactions with their normal ligands, replacing the ligand and inappropriately
stimulating the receptor or destroying the receptor. For example, in the hyperthyroidism (excessive
thyroid activity) of Graves disease, autoantibody binds to and activates receptors for thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) (a pituitary hormone that controls the production of the hormone thyroxine by the
thyroid). Graves disease is not a result of cell- mediated cytotoxicity, neutrophil-mediated damage, or
complement-mediated lysis.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction? a. I
b. II c. III d. IV - CORRECT ANSWERS ANS: A
