NURS 312 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT A+
UPDATE 2026
What is the most frequent metastatic site for hematogenous spread? - CORRECT
ANSWES -- *lungs
What do arterioles and arteries do during hematogenous dissemination? - CORRECT
ANSWES -- *wall thickness prevents movement of cancer cells into tissue*
What chemotherapy is most effective? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Combination
What type of cells is chemotherapy most toxic to? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Rapidly
proliferating cells; cells that are dividing are potentially sensitive to chemo
Chemotherapy drug dose is... - CORRECT ANSWES -- Exponential (only kills 50%;
cells still survive)
When do you need a blood transfusion? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Less than 8 g/dL
chemo side effects - CORRECT ANSWES -- - nausea; prescribe antiemetic; will cause
drowsiness
- vomiting; prescribe antiemetic/antihistamine; will cause drowsiness
- alopecia
- men: low sperm count
- women and men: diarrhea, anorexia
Why would radiation therapy be used as palliative care? - CORRECT ANSWES --
Decrease pain associated with bone metastasis
Indirect ionization - CORRECT ANSWES -- *brachytherapy
What is the oldest treatment for cancer? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Surgical treatment
What is surgical debulking? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Partial removal of tumor without
curative treatment; used to increase effectiveness of chemo/radiation
What three elements are required when diagnosing a patient with AIDS? - CORRECT
ANSWES -- 1. Medical history
,2. Clinical manifestations
3. Diagnostic tests
Sensitivity - CORRECT ANSWES -- Diseased patient with true POSITIVE test result
Specificity - CORRECT ANSWES -- Diseased individual with true NEGATIVE test result
Revised classification system for AIDS - CORRECT ANSWES -- - positive for HIV
- T cell count is less than 200 cells/mm3
- opportunistic diseases (immunocompromised)
AIDS retrovirus - CORRECT ANSWES -- Etiology: caused by HIV
Characteristics: *enveloped ribonucleic acid; carries its genetic material in RNA*
HIV Type 1 - CORRECT ANSWES -- Common in *USA, Europe, Central Africa*, T cells
are less than 200 cells/mm3; *DEVELOPS INTO AIDS*
HIV Type 2 - CORRECT ANSWES -- Common in *West Africa*, T cell count is more
than 200 cells/mm3, *tends to NOT develop into AIDS*
How many known strains of HIV are there? - CORRECT ANSWES -- 2
How is HIV transmitted? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Exchange of blood or bodily fluids;
must contain HIV or HIV infected cells
Transmission modes of HIV - CORRECT ANSWES -- - unprotected sex
- blood transfusions
- sharing needles/syringes
- breast milk
- in utero or during birthing process
What to do if poked by needle or other sharps - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. Milk finger
2. Turn on water and continue to milk
3. Wash with warm soap and water
Window period of HIV - CORRECT ANSWES -- Asymptomatic; *NEGATIVE blood test
for HIV antibodies*, person IS infectious
Seroconversion of HIV - CORRECT ANSWES -- Symptomatic; *POSITIVE antibody
test*, person IS infectious
What are the HIV antibody tests? - CORRECT ANSWES -- ELISA, western blotting
technique
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - CORRECT ANSWES -- Screening
baseline; *indirect test*
, *If positive: MUST be confirmed by the western blotting technique*
Western blotting technique - CORRECT ANSWES -- More sensitivity assay; *indirect
test*; looks for presence of HIV antibodies to specific viral antigens
If negative: that means your ELISA was a false positive
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - CORRECT ANSWES -- Used to detect HIV's genetic
material (RNA)
Nucleic acid test (NAT) - CORRECT ANSWES -- Recognizes actual HIV virus in blood;
*detects presence of HIV quicker than other known tests*
Once infected with HIV... - CORRECT ANSWES -- ALWAYS infected with HIV
Is there a cure or vaccine for HIV/AIDS? - CORRECT ANSWES -- No
Developing an infection/illness within the first 48 hours at the hospital stay is a -
CORRECT ANSWES -- Community acquired infection
Developing an infection/illness AFTER the first 48 hours at the hospital stay is -
CORRECT ANSWES -- Nosocomial; HAI
Hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWES -- Endocrine and ANS
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - CORRECT ANSWES -- Produced by: anterior
pituitary
- stimulates secretion from thyroid gland (metabolism)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWES -- produced by: hypothalamus
secreted by: *posterior pituitary gland*
- retain water
Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWES -- Produced AND secreted by: adrenal cortex
- reabsorption of sodium
In what phase of wound healing do macrophages enter the tissue area - CORRECT
ANSWES -- Inflammation
What happens in the proliferative phase that can make scarring worse - CORRECT
ANSWES -- Hypoxia and poor perfusion
What is required in the proliferative phase - CORRECT ANSWES -- Moist vascular
wound surface (under scab)
What stage does scar tissue develop? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Proliferative
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT A+
UPDATE 2026
What is the most frequent metastatic site for hematogenous spread? - CORRECT
ANSWES -- *lungs
What do arterioles and arteries do during hematogenous dissemination? - CORRECT
ANSWES -- *wall thickness prevents movement of cancer cells into tissue*
What chemotherapy is most effective? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Combination
What type of cells is chemotherapy most toxic to? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Rapidly
proliferating cells; cells that are dividing are potentially sensitive to chemo
Chemotherapy drug dose is... - CORRECT ANSWES -- Exponential (only kills 50%;
cells still survive)
When do you need a blood transfusion? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Less than 8 g/dL
chemo side effects - CORRECT ANSWES -- - nausea; prescribe antiemetic; will cause
drowsiness
- vomiting; prescribe antiemetic/antihistamine; will cause drowsiness
- alopecia
- men: low sperm count
- women and men: diarrhea, anorexia
Why would radiation therapy be used as palliative care? - CORRECT ANSWES --
Decrease pain associated with bone metastasis
Indirect ionization - CORRECT ANSWES -- *brachytherapy
What is the oldest treatment for cancer? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Surgical treatment
What is surgical debulking? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Partial removal of tumor without
curative treatment; used to increase effectiveness of chemo/radiation
What three elements are required when diagnosing a patient with AIDS? - CORRECT
ANSWES -- 1. Medical history
,2. Clinical manifestations
3. Diagnostic tests
Sensitivity - CORRECT ANSWES -- Diseased patient with true POSITIVE test result
Specificity - CORRECT ANSWES -- Diseased individual with true NEGATIVE test result
Revised classification system for AIDS - CORRECT ANSWES -- - positive for HIV
- T cell count is less than 200 cells/mm3
- opportunistic diseases (immunocompromised)
AIDS retrovirus - CORRECT ANSWES -- Etiology: caused by HIV
Characteristics: *enveloped ribonucleic acid; carries its genetic material in RNA*
HIV Type 1 - CORRECT ANSWES -- Common in *USA, Europe, Central Africa*, T cells
are less than 200 cells/mm3; *DEVELOPS INTO AIDS*
HIV Type 2 - CORRECT ANSWES -- Common in *West Africa*, T cell count is more
than 200 cells/mm3, *tends to NOT develop into AIDS*
How many known strains of HIV are there? - CORRECT ANSWES -- 2
How is HIV transmitted? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Exchange of blood or bodily fluids;
must contain HIV or HIV infected cells
Transmission modes of HIV - CORRECT ANSWES -- - unprotected sex
- blood transfusions
- sharing needles/syringes
- breast milk
- in utero or during birthing process
What to do if poked by needle or other sharps - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1. Milk finger
2. Turn on water and continue to milk
3. Wash with warm soap and water
Window period of HIV - CORRECT ANSWES -- Asymptomatic; *NEGATIVE blood test
for HIV antibodies*, person IS infectious
Seroconversion of HIV - CORRECT ANSWES -- Symptomatic; *POSITIVE antibody
test*, person IS infectious
What are the HIV antibody tests? - CORRECT ANSWES -- ELISA, western blotting
technique
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - CORRECT ANSWES -- Screening
baseline; *indirect test*
, *If positive: MUST be confirmed by the western blotting technique*
Western blotting technique - CORRECT ANSWES -- More sensitivity assay; *indirect
test*; looks for presence of HIV antibodies to specific viral antigens
If negative: that means your ELISA was a false positive
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - CORRECT ANSWES -- Used to detect HIV's genetic
material (RNA)
Nucleic acid test (NAT) - CORRECT ANSWES -- Recognizes actual HIV virus in blood;
*detects presence of HIV quicker than other known tests*
Once infected with HIV... - CORRECT ANSWES -- ALWAYS infected with HIV
Is there a cure or vaccine for HIV/AIDS? - CORRECT ANSWES -- No
Developing an infection/illness within the first 48 hours at the hospital stay is a -
CORRECT ANSWES -- Community acquired infection
Developing an infection/illness AFTER the first 48 hours at the hospital stay is -
CORRECT ANSWES -- Nosocomial; HAI
Hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWES -- Endocrine and ANS
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - CORRECT ANSWES -- Produced by: anterior
pituitary
- stimulates secretion from thyroid gland (metabolism)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWES -- produced by: hypothalamus
secreted by: *posterior pituitary gland*
- retain water
Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWES -- Produced AND secreted by: adrenal cortex
- reabsorption of sodium
In what phase of wound healing do macrophages enter the tissue area - CORRECT
ANSWES -- Inflammation
What happens in the proliferative phase that can make scarring worse - CORRECT
ANSWES -- Hypoxia and poor perfusion
What is required in the proliferative phase - CORRECT ANSWES -- Moist vascular
wound surface (under scab)
What stage does scar tissue develop? - CORRECT ANSWES -- Proliferative
