Nursing 1020 Exam 4 Practice
Questions and Already Passed
Solutions 2026.
Tumors - Answer can be benign or malignant
• Either kind should be removed
can become a solid mass
can be an overgrowth of cells found in blood or lymph tissue
Which change in health status indicates to the nurse that the client's superior vena cava
syndrome is worsening?
A The client's systolic blood pressure is rising, and the diastolic pressure is decreasing.
B The client's severe nausea and vomiting no longer respond to antiemetics.
C The client has experienced four nosebleeds in the past 2 days.
D Pedal edema is now present. - Answer C
thrombocytopenia - Answer deficiency of platelets in the blood. This causes bleeding into
the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury.
These cancers can secrete parathyroid hormone, causing bone to release calcium - Answer
Breast, lung, and renal cell carcinomas; multiple myeloma; and adult T-cell leukemia and
lymphoma are the most common causes among cancer patients, this is known as
Hypercalcemia.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVC) - Answer compression or obstruction by tumor growth
or by clots in the vessel leads to congestion of the blood and can occur quickly or develop
gradually over time. With gradual development, increased collateral circulation to handle the
blood flow can occur. Compression causes pain and is life threatening. It occurs most often in
patients with lymphomas (especially with tumors in the mediastinum), thymoma, lung cancer,
and breast cancer.
Symptoms of Hypercalcemia - Answer skeletal pain
kidney stones
abdominal discomfort
,altered cognition
Hypercalcemia - Answer (increased serum calcium level) occurs in up to a third of patients
with cancer. At high levels it is regarded an emergency and can lead to death. Breast, lung, and
renal cell carcinomas; multiple myeloma; and adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma are the most
common causes among cancer patients.
Anaplasia? - Answer is the cancer cells' loss of the specific appearance of their parent cells.
Loose adherence is typical for cancer cells because they do not make? - Answer fibronectin
Migration occurs because cancer cells? - Answer do not bind tightly together
metastasize - Answer The ability to spread is unique to cancer cells and a major cause of
death.
Contact inhibition does not occur in cancer cells because? - Answer lost cellular regulation,
even when all sides of these cells are in continuous contact with the surfaces of other cells. This
persistence of cell division makes the disease difficult to control.
The process of changing a normal cell into a cancer cell is called? - Answer malignant
transformation
Initiation is the first step in? carcinogenesis - Answer carcinogenesis
Tumors first extend into surrounding tissues by? - Answer secreting enzymes that open up
areas of surrounding tissue. Pressure, created as the tumor increases in size, forces tumor cells
to invade new territory.
A larger nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio? - Answer occurs because the cancer cell nucleus is larger
than that of a normal cell and the cancer cell is smaller than a normal cell. The nucleus occupies
much of the space within the cancer cell
Bloodborne metastasis (tumor cell release into the blood) - Answer is the most common
cause of cancer spread. Enzymes secreted by tumor cells also make large pores in the patient's
blood vessels, allowing tumor cells to enter the blood and circulate. Because tumor cells are
loosely held together, clumps of cells break off of the primary tumor into blood vessels for
transport.
carcinogenesis? - Answer
,Malignant tumors - Answer Cell's DNA is damaged
E.g., by exposure to carcinogens
Proto-oncogenes become oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes malfunction
Cell division goes unchecked
Cells become malignant
Breast Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer Bone*
Lung*
Liver
Brain
Lung Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer Brain*
Bone
Liver
Lymph nodes
Pancreas
Colorectal Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer Liver*
Lymph nodes
Adjacent structures
Prostate Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer Bone (especially spine and
legs)*
Pelvic nodes
Melanoma Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer GI tract
Lymph nodes
Lung
Brain
Primary Brain Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer Central nervous system
Grading of a tumor - Answer classifies cellular aspects of the cancer.
, Gx - Answer Grade cannot be determined.
G1 - Answer Tumor cells are well differentiated and closely resemble the normal cells from
which they arose.
This grade is considered a low grade of malignant change.
These tumors are malignant but are relatively slow growing.
G2 - Answer Tumor cells are moderately differentiated; they still retain some of the
characteristics of normal cells but also have more malignant characteristics than do G1 tumor
cells.
G3 - Answer Tumor cells are poorly differentiated, but the tissue of origin can usually be
established.
The cells have few normal cell characteristics.
Tx - Answer Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0 - Answer No evidence of primary tumor
T-is - Answer Carcinoma in situ
T1, T2, T3, T4 - Answer Increasing size and/or local extent of the primary tumor
Process of carcinogenesis - Answer
Nx - Answer Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0 - Answer No regional lymph node metastasis
N1, N2, N3 - Answer Increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes
G4 - Answer Tumor cells are poorly differentiated and retain no normal cell characteristics.
Determination of the tissue of origin is difficult and perhaps impossible.
Questions and Already Passed
Solutions 2026.
Tumors - Answer can be benign or malignant
• Either kind should be removed
can become a solid mass
can be an overgrowth of cells found in blood or lymph tissue
Which change in health status indicates to the nurse that the client's superior vena cava
syndrome is worsening?
A The client's systolic blood pressure is rising, and the diastolic pressure is decreasing.
B The client's severe nausea and vomiting no longer respond to antiemetics.
C The client has experienced four nosebleeds in the past 2 days.
D Pedal edema is now present. - Answer C
thrombocytopenia - Answer deficiency of platelets in the blood. This causes bleeding into
the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury.
These cancers can secrete parathyroid hormone, causing bone to release calcium - Answer
Breast, lung, and renal cell carcinomas; multiple myeloma; and adult T-cell leukemia and
lymphoma are the most common causes among cancer patients, this is known as
Hypercalcemia.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVC) - Answer compression or obstruction by tumor growth
or by clots in the vessel leads to congestion of the blood and can occur quickly or develop
gradually over time. With gradual development, increased collateral circulation to handle the
blood flow can occur. Compression causes pain and is life threatening. It occurs most often in
patients with lymphomas (especially with tumors in the mediastinum), thymoma, lung cancer,
and breast cancer.
Symptoms of Hypercalcemia - Answer skeletal pain
kidney stones
abdominal discomfort
,altered cognition
Hypercalcemia - Answer (increased serum calcium level) occurs in up to a third of patients
with cancer. At high levels it is regarded an emergency and can lead to death. Breast, lung, and
renal cell carcinomas; multiple myeloma; and adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma are the most
common causes among cancer patients.
Anaplasia? - Answer is the cancer cells' loss of the specific appearance of their parent cells.
Loose adherence is typical for cancer cells because they do not make? - Answer fibronectin
Migration occurs because cancer cells? - Answer do not bind tightly together
metastasize - Answer The ability to spread is unique to cancer cells and a major cause of
death.
Contact inhibition does not occur in cancer cells because? - Answer lost cellular regulation,
even when all sides of these cells are in continuous contact with the surfaces of other cells. This
persistence of cell division makes the disease difficult to control.
The process of changing a normal cell into a cancer cell is called? - Answer malignant
transformation
Initiation is the first step in? carcinogenesis - Answer carcinogenesis
Tumors first extend into surrounding tissues by? - Answer secreting enzymes that open up
areas of surrounding tissue. Pressure, created as the tumor increases in size, forces tumor cells
to invade new territory.
A larger nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio? - Answer occurs because the cancer cell nucleus is larger
than that of a normal cell and the cancer cell is smaller than a normal cell. The nucleus occupies
much of the space within the cancer cell
Bloodborne metastasis (tumor cell release into the blood) - Answer is the most common
cause of cancer spread. Enzymes secreted by tumor cells also make large pores in the patient's
blood vessels, allowing tumor cells to enter the blood and circulate. Because tumor cells are
loosely held together, clumps of cells break off of the primary tumor into blood vessels for
transport.
carcinogenesis? - Answer
,Malignant tumors - Answer Cell's DNA is damaged
E.g., by exposure to carcinogens
Proto-oncogenes become oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes malfunction
Cell division goes unchecked
Cells become malignant
Breast Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer Bone*
Lung*
Liver
Brain
Lung Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer Brain*
Bone
Liver
Lymph nodes
Pancreas
Colorectal Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer Liver*
Lymph nodes
Adjacent structures
Prostate Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer Bone (especially spine and
legs)*
Pelvic nodes
Melanoma Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer GI tract
Lymph nodes
Lung
Brain
Primary Brain Cancer will metastasize into which organs? - Answer Central nervous system
Grading of a tumor - Answer classifies cellular aspects of the cancer.
, Gx - Answer Grade cannot be determined.
G1 - Answer Tumor cells are well differentiated and closely resemble the normal cells from
which they arose.
This grade is considered a low grade of malignant change.
These tumors are malignant but are relatively slow growing.
G2 - Answer Tumor cells are moderately differentiated; they still retain some of the
characteristics of normal cells but also have more malignant characteristics than do G1 tumor
cells.
G3 - Answer Tumor cells are poorly differentiated, but the tissue of origin can usually be
established.
The cells have few normal cell characteristics.
Tx - Answer Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0 - Answer No evidence of primary tumor
T-is - Answer Carcinoma in situ
T1, T2, T3, T4 - Answer Increasing size and/or local extent of the primary tumor
Process of carcinogenesis - Answer
Nx - Answer Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0 - Answer No regional lymph node metastasis
N1, N2, N3 - Answer Increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes
G4 - Answer Tumor cells are poorly differentiated and retain no normal cell characteristics.
Determination of the tissue of origin is difficult and perhaps impossible.
