NUR 1020 Exam 5 FSW Questions with
All Accurate Answers 2026 Edition.
What is Elimination? - Answer refers to the secretion and excretion of physiologic waste
products by the kidneys & intestines
What is elimination affected by? - Answer -Nutrition & hydration
-Medications
-Changes in other organs functions or diseases: Neuro, musculoskeletal (immobility),
respiratory, cardiac, reproductive,
What does normal urinary elimination depend on? - Answer depends on effective
functioning of the urinary tract.
What is urination? - Answer -process of emptying the bladder
-also called voiding, micturition
When experiencing the feeling to urinate, how much output would an adult and child
eliminate? - Answer -250-450 mL (adults)
-50-200 mL (children)
What is the average daily urine output by age? - Answer 1-2 days = 15-60 mL
3-10 days = 100-300 mL
10 days-2 mo = 250-450 mL
2 mo-1 yr = 400-500 mL
1-3 yr = 500-600 mL
3-5 yr = 600-700 mL
5-8 yr = 700-1,000 mL
8-14 yr = 800-1,400 mL
14 yr through adulthood = 1,500 mL
Older adulthood = 1,500 or less
What factors affect urinary elimination? - Answer -Fluid & food:
Alcohol- inhibits ADH
Sodium retains fluids
Food color urine- beets
,-Muscle tone
Lose of tone from urinary catheters
Lose of pelvic muscle tone - leakage
-Psychological factors
Privacy
Positioning
-Pathological conditions
Kidney disease
Obstruction in flow
-Surgical & diagnostic procedures
Surgery of or procedures close to area
Spinal anesthesia
-Medications
Urinary retention
Color of urine
What are the genetic and lifespan considerations for infant urinary elimination? - Answer -
The GFR of the newborn's kidney is lower than the adult's.
-Due to immature function, the newborn's kidney is unable to rapidly excrete excess fluid; as a
result, this population is at particular risk for fluid volume overload.
-Full-term newborns are less able to concentrate urine because the tubules are short and
narrow.
-The limited tubular reabsorption of water and limited excretion of solutes (principally sodium,
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, urea, and phosphate) in the growing newborn also reduce the
newborn's ability to concentrate urine, making the effect of excessive insensible water loss or
restricted fluid intake unpredictable.
-The newborn's kidneys also are limited in dilutional capabilities. These limitations regarding
concentration and dilution are important considerations in monitoring fluid therapy to prevent
dehydration or overhydration.
-The newborn attains the ability to concentrate urine fully by 3 months of age.
-Among healthy newborns, 17% void immediately after birth, 92% void by 24 hours after birth,
and 99% void by 48 hours after birth.
-Voiding at birth frequently goes unnoticed, and delivery room nurses must be vigilant to note
this urination.
-Assess a newborn who has not voided within 48 hours following delivery for adequacy of fluid
intake, bladder distention, restlessness, and symptoms of pain. Notify the primary healthcare
provider as well.
-The initial bladder volume is 6-44 mL of urine.
,-Unless edema is present, normal urinary output is limited, and voiding is scanty until fluid
intake increases.
-For the first 2 days after birth, the newborn voids from 2 to 6 times daily, with a urine output of
15 mL/kg per day.
-The newborn subsequently voids from 5 to 25 times every 24 hours, with a volume of 25 mL/kg
per day.
-Urine output varies according to fluid intake but gradu
What are the genetic and lifespan considerations for preschoolers urinary elimination? - Answer
-Infants are born without neural urinary control; instead, they void reflexively.
-A preschooler is able to take responsibility for independent toileting.
-Most children develop urinary control between 2 and 5 years of age.
-Control during the daytime normally precedes control during the nighttime. Parents must
realize that accidents occur, and the child should never be punished or chastised for a toileting
accident.
-Because children at this age often forget to wash their hands or flush the toilet, they require
reminders and appropriate adult modeling.
-Young children also require instruction in wiping themselves. Girls should be taught to wipe
from front to back to prevent fecal contamination of the urinary tract.
What are the genetic and lifespan considerations for school-age children's urinary elimination? -
Answer -A child's elimination system reaches maturity during early school age.
-The kidneys double in size between the ages of 5 and 10.
-During this period, the child urinates 6-8x/day
-Enuresis, the involuntary passing of urine when control should be established (approximately 5
years of age), is a problem for some school-age children.
-About 10% of 6-year-olds experience difficulty controlling the bladder.
-Although it is more prevalent in children, adults may also experience enuresis.
-Diurnal (daytime) enuresis may be persistent and pathological in origin. It affects women and
girls more frequently than it does men and boys.
-The occurrence of enuresis after achieving voluntary bladder control should be reported to the
PCP.
-Nocturnal enuresis, or bed-wetting, is the involuntary passing of urine during sleep. It often
occurs because the filling of the small bladder does not awaken the child during the night and
instead stimulates an automatic voiding reflex. It is especially prevalent in children who are
deep sleepers.
-The incidence of nocturnal enuresis decreases as the child matures, and bed-wetting should
not be considered a problem until after 6 years of age.
-Nocturnal enuresis may be referred to as primary when the child has never achieved nighttime
urinary control.
, -Nocturnal enuresis that appears after the child has achieved nighttime dryness for 6
consecutive months is secondary enuresis. Often, it is related to another problem, such as
constipation, stress, or illness, and may resolve when the cause is eliminated.
-Recent research indicates that nightly nocturnal enuresis is associated with daytime
incontinence, encopresis (fecal incontinence), bladder dysfunction, and male gender.
What are the genetic and lifespan considerations for older adults urinary elimination? - Answer
-Renal function begins to decline around 40 years of age but usually does not create significant
issues for an otherwise healthy individual until the ninth decade of life.
-At that time, decreases in GFR, renal blood flow, maximal urinary concentration, and response
to sodium loss are marked.
-Blood flow to the kidney decreases as a result of atrophy in the supplying blood vessels,
particularly in the renal cortex.
-In addition, the proximal tubules decrease in number and length.
-Compared with a young adult, an older adult usually has a lower creatinine clearance, has urine
that is more dilute (having a lower specific gravity), and typically excretes lower levels of
glucose, acid, and potassium.
-As these changes progress, the serum creatinine level and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
increase.
-In addition, the kidneys of older adults excrete more fluid and electrolytes during the night
than during the day, and more urine is formed at night, so it potentially interrupts sleep
patterns.
-One very important consequence of these changes is impaired excretion of drugs and their
metabolites, making older adults extremely susceptible to drug overdose and other adverse
effects of medication (even when administered within a normal dose range). This impairment is
of particular concern when the individual has multiple health impairments that require several
types of pharmacologic therapy.
-Another consequence of age-related changes is an increased probability of hyperkalemia,
particularly when potassium-sparing diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or beta-blockers are prescribed.
-The older adult's decreased ability to concentrate urine results in an increased susceptibility to
dehydration, a problem that is further complicated by a deficit in the thirst response; ther
What are the genetic and lifespan considerations for pregnant women's urinary elimination? -
Answer -During the first trimester of pregnancy, the enlarging uterus is still a pelvic organ
and presses against the bladder, increasing urinary frequency.
-This symptom decreases during the second trimester, when the uterus becomes an abdominal
organ and pressure against the bladder decreases.
-Urinary frequency reappears during the third trimester, when the presenting part of the uterus
descends into the pelvis and again presses on the bladder, thus reducing bladder capacity,
contributing to hyperemia, and irritating the bladder.
-The ureters, especially the right ureter, elongate and dilate above the pelvic brim.
All Accurate Answers 2026 Edition.
What is Elimination? - Answer refers to the secretion and excretion of physiologic waste
products by the kidneys & intestines
What is elimination affected by? - Answer -Nutrition & hydration
-Medications
-Changes in other organs functions or diseases: Neuro, musculoskeletal (immobility),
respiratory, cardiac, reproductive,
What does normal urinary elimination depend on? - Answer depends on effective
functioning of the urinary tract.
What is urination? - Answer -process of emptying the bladder
-also called voiding, micturition
When experiencing the feeling to urinate, how much output would an adult and child
eliminate? - Answer -250-450 mL (adults)
-50-200 mL (children)
What is the average daily urine output by age? - Answer 1-2 days = 15-60 mL
3-10 days = 100-300 mL
10 days-2 mo = 250-450 mL
2 mo-1 yr = 400-500 mL
1-3 yr = 500-600 mL
3-5 yr = 600-700 mL
5-8 yr = 700-1,000 mL
8-14 yr = 800-1,400 mL
14 yr through adulthood = 1,500 mL
Older adulthood = 1,500 or less
What factors affect urinary elimination? - Answer -Fluid & food:
Alcohol- inhibits ADH
Sodium retains fluids
Food color urine- beets
,-Muscle tone
Lose of tone from urinary catheters
Lose of pelvic muscle tone - leakage
-Psychological factors
Privacy
Positioning
-Pathological conditions
Kidney disease
Obstruction in flow
-Surgical & diagnostic procedures
Surgery of or procedures close to area
Spinal anesthesia
-Medications
Urinary retention
Color of urine
What are the genetic and lifespan considerations for infant urinary elimination? - Answer -
The GFR of the newborn's kidney is lower than the adult's.
-Due to immature function, the newborn's kidney is unable to rapidly excrete excess fluid; as a
result, this population is at particular risk for fluid volume overload.
-Full-term newborns are less able to concentrate urine because the tubules are short and
narrow.
-The limited tubular reabsorption of water and limited excretion of solutes (principally sodium,
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, urea, and phosphate) in the growing newborn also reduce the
newborn's ability to concentrate urine, making the effect of excessive insensible water loss or
restricted fluid intake unpredictable.
-The newborn's kidneys also are limited in dilutional capabilities. These limitations regarding
concentration and dilution are important considerations in monitoring fluid therapy to prevent
dehydration or overhydration.
-The newborn attains the ability to concentrate urine fully by 3 months of age.
-Among healthy newborns, 17% void immediately after birth, 92% void by 24 hours after birth,
and 99% void by 48 hours after birth.
-Voiding at birth frequently goes unnoticed, and delivery room nurses must be vigilant to note
this urination.
-Assess a newborn who has not voided within 48 hours following delivery for adequacy of fluid
intake, bladder distention, restlessness, and symptoms of pain. Notify the primary healthcare
provider as well.
-The initial bladder volume is 6-44 mL of urine.
,-Unless edema is present, normal urinary output is limited, and voiding is scanty until fluid
intake increases.
-For the first 2 days after birth, the newborn voids from 2 to 6 times daily, with a urine output of
15 mL/kg per day.
-The newborn subsequently voids from 5 to 25 times every 24 hours, with a volume of 25 mL/kg
per day.
-Urine output varies according to fluid intake but gradu
What are the genetic and lifespan considerations for preschoolers urinary elimination? - Answer
-Infants are born without neural urinary control; instead, they void reflexively.
-A preschooler is able to take responsibility for independent toileting.
-Most children develop urinary control between 2 and 5 years of age.
-Control during the daytime normally precedes control during the nighttime. Parents must
realize that accidents occur, and the child should never be punished or chastised for a toileting
accident.
-Because children at this age often forget to wash their hands or flush the toilet, they require
reminders and appropriate adult modeling.
-Young children also require instruction in wiping themselves. Girls should be taught to wipe
from front to back to prevent fecal contamination of the urinary tract.
What are the genetic and lifespan considerations for school-age children's urinary elimination? -
Answer -A child's elimination system reaches maturity during early school age.
-The kidneys double in size between the ages of 5 and 10.
-During this period, the child urinates 6-8x/day
-Enuresis, the involuntary passing of urine when control should be established (approximately 5
years of age), is a problem for some school-age children.
-About 10% of 6-year-olds experience difficulty controlling the bladder.
-Although it is more prevalent in children, adults may also experience enuresis.
-Diurnal (daytime) enuresis may be persistent and pathological in origin. It affects women and
girls more frequently than it does men and boys.
-The occurrence of enuresis after achieving voluntary bladder control should be reported to the
PCP.
-Nocturnal enuresis, or bed-wetting, is the involuntary passing of urine during sleep. It often
occurs because the filling of the small bladder does not awaken the child during the night and
instead stimulates an automatic voiding reflex. It is especially prevalent in children who are
deep sleepers.
-The incidence of nocturnal enuresis decreases as the child matures, and bed-wetting should
not be considered a problem until after 6 years of age.
-Nocturnal enuresis may be referred to as primary when the child has never achieved nighttime
urinary control.
, -Nocturnal enuresis that appears after the child has achieved nighttime dryness for 6
consecutive months is secondary enuresis. Often, it is related to another problem, such as
constipation, stress, or illness, and may resolve when the cause is eliminated.
-Recent research indicates that nightly nocturnal enuresis is associated with daytime
incontinence, encopresis (fecal incontinence), bladder dysfunction, and male gender.
What are the genetic and lifespan considerations for older adults urinary elimination? - Answer
-Renal function begins to decline around 40 years of age but usually does not create significant
issues for an otherwise healthy individual until the ninth decade of life.
-At that time, decreases in GFR, renal blood flow, maximal urinary concentration, and response
to sodium loss are marked.
-Blood flow to the kidney decreases as a result of atrophy in the supplying blood vessels,
particularly in the renal cortex.
-In addition, the proximal tubules decrease in number and length.
-Compared with a young adult, an older adult usually has a lower creatinine clearance, has urine
that is more dilute (having a lower specific gravity), and typically excretes lower levels of
glucose, acid, and potassium.
-As these changes progress, the serum creatinine level and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
increase.
-In addition, the kidneys of older adults excrete more fluid and electrolytes during the night
than during the day, and more urine is formed at night, so it potentially interrupts sleep
patterns.
-One very important consequence of these changes is impaired excretion of drugs and their
metabolites, making older adults extremely susceptible to drug overdose and other adverse
effects of medication (even when administered within a normal dose range). This impairment is
of particular concern when the individual has multiple health impairments that require several
types of pharmacologic therapy.
-Another consequence of age-related changes is an increased probability of hyperkalemia,
particularly when potassium-sparing diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or beta-blockers are prescribed.
-The older adult's decreased ability to concentrate urine results in an increased susceptibility to
dehydration, a problem that is further complicated by a deficit in the thirst response; ther
What are the genetic and lifespan considerations for pregnant women's urinary elimination? -
Answer -During the first trimester of pregnancy, the enlarging uterus is still a pelvic organ
and presses against the bladder, increasing urinary frequency.
-This symptom decreases during the second trimester, when the uterus becomes an abdominal
organ and pressure against the bladder decreases.
-Urinary frequency reappears during the third trimester, when the presenting part of the uterus
descends into the pelvis and again presses on the bladder, thus reducing bladder capacity,
contributing to hyperemia, and irritating the bladder.
-The ureters, especially the right ureter, elongate and dilate above the pelvic brim.
