1g
Solution Manual for
g g gg
AmericangGovernmentgPoliticalgDevelopmentgandgInstitutionalgChangegByg
CalgJillsongChapterg1-21g
g
Chapterg1g
THEgORIGINSgOFgAMERICANgPOLITICALgPRINCIPLESg
g
g
FOCUSgQUESTIONSg
g
Q1g Whatgaregthegbroadgpurposesgofggovernment?g
g
A1g
Thegancientsgbelievedgthegrolegofggovernmentgandgpoliticsgwasgtogfosterghumang
excellence.gHowever,gitgisgimperativegtogremembergthatgthegGreeksgandgRomans
gbelievedgthegvirtuousgshouldgrulegaccordinggtognaturalglaw.gFurthermore,gvalues
gofgequalitygandgordergwouldgbegservedgthroughgagsocietygbasedgupongthegrulego
fglawgtogprovidegforgthegcommonggood.gIngthegMiddlegAges,ggovernmentgwasglar
gelygusedgtogfacilitategreligiongandgmaintainedgthegneedgforgthegindividualgtoglive
gagproperglifegingthegservicegofgGod.gThegrolegofggovernmentgchangedgingthegearl
ygsixteenthgcenturygbygdownplayinggthegrolegofgreligiongwhilegalternativelygprom
otinggthegrolegofglimitedggovernmentgtogprotectgprivategpropertygandgindividualg
rights.g
g
Q2g Howgshouldggovernmentgbegdesignedgtogachievegitsgpurposes?g
g
A2g AccordinggtogPlatogthegphilosopher-
king’sgwisdomgandgintellectgwouldgpromotegorder,gstabilitygandgjustice.gYet,gAris
totlegtakesgagmoregrealisticgviewgofgAtheniangsocietygbygadvocatinggthegbestgfor
mgofggovernmentgasgagpolity,gwhichgcombinedgoligarchicgandgdemocraticgeleme
ntsgtogproducegpoliticalgstability.gThegRomansgcombinedgmonarchical,garistocrati
c,gandgdemocraticgprinciplesgasgagmixedggovernmentgwithingrepresentativegbodi
esglikegthegSenategandgthegAssemblygingordergtogchampiongthegcausesgofgbothgth
egrichgandgthegpoor.gGovernmentgingthegMiddlegAgesgwasgdeterminedgthroughgd
ivinegright,gwherebygagmonarchgorgPopegwasgordainedgbygGodgtogrule.gHence,gwi
sdomgandgvirtuegrestedgwithingthesegfewgindividualsgwhoggovernedgtogpromoteg
religiousglifegandgprotectgthegreligiousgestablishment.gThegRenaissance,gProtesta
ntgReformation,gandgEnlightenmentgPeriodsgshiftedgthegrolegofggovernmentgfro
mgupholdinggreligiousgdoctrinegtogseculargconcerns,gsuchgasgprotectingginalienab
legrights,gincludinggprivategproperty,gandgpromotinggcommerce.gIngturn,gEnlighte
nmentgpoliticalg
, 2g
g
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancisgg
g
philosophersglargelygappealedgtogindividualismgandgnotgreligiousghierarchygasgag
meansgtogprovidegordergandgstabilitygingwhichgindividualsgcouldgflourish.gg
g
Q3g
WhatglessonsgaboutggovernmentgdidgcolonialgAmericansgdrawgfromgtheghistoryg
ofgancientgGreecegandgRome?g
g
A3g
Platogwasgsuspiciousgofgdemocracy’sgrulegofgthegmanygbecauseggoodggovernmen
tgwouldgdecaygintogmobgrule.gHence,gthegpassionsgofgthegmassesgneededgtogbegq
uelledgbygmoregaristocraticgelements.gWithgthisgproblemgingmind,gthegFramersgo
fgthegU.S.gConstitutiongreferencedgtheginstitutionalgdesigngofgthegRomangrepubli
cgadheredgtogthegtraditiongofgmixedggovernmentginitiallygexpoundedgbygAristotle
gandgthegRomans.gThisgwasgmaintainedgingthegindirectgselectiongofgbothgthegSen
ategandgthegpresidencygwithingthegConstitution.gAristotlegalsogadvocatedgmixingg
aristocraticgandgdemocraticgelementsgingaggoverninggstructuregcalledgagpolity.gIng
effect,gthisggovernmentalgdesigngallowedgthegfewgandgthegmanygtogparticipategin
gthegpoliticsgprovidinggangorderlygsocietygwheregthegpoorgshouldgbegablegtogselec
tggovernmentgofficialsgwhogweregheldgaccountable.gThisgwasgalsogmadegmanifest
gingthegConstitutiongwithgitsgaristocratic-
likegSenategandgthegmoregdemocraticgHousegofgRepresentatives.gThusgthegAmeri
cangrepublic’sgConstitutiongestablishedginstitutionalgpowersgtoggoverngaccording
gtogthegrulegofglaw.gWhilegthegFramersgrejectedgthegreligiousghierarchygofgthegMi
ddlegAges,gtheygappealedgtoginalienablegrightsgendowedgupongeverygindividualgb
ygGod,gpergthegwritingsgofgJohngLocke,gingwhichgagjustggovernmentgandgsocietygc
ouldgnotgbegimpeded.gg
g
Q4g WhatgcircumstancesgledgEuropeansgtogleavegtheirghomelandsgtogsettlegingAmerica?g
g
A4g
Individualsgimmigratedgtogthegcoloniesgtogescapegreligiousgpersecutiongandgcivilg
unrestgaftergthegEnglishgCivilgWargandgtogpursuegsocialgandgeconomicgopportunit
ies.gColonistsgenjoyedgagvastgarraygofgnaturalgresourcesgandgaglargeggeographical
gareagwheregfreedomgofgreligiongandgeconomicgopportunitygflourished.gAlso,gthe
irgheterogeneousgsocialgcompositiongasgwellgasgcontinualgpromotiongofgideals,gsu
chgasgequalitygandgtolerance,gtendedgtogpromotegpoliticalgfreedomgatgthegsameg
timegthatgsocialgexpansiongofgthegpopulationgwasgoccurring.gg
g
Q5g Whatgdidgdemocracygmeangtogourgcolonialgancestors,gandgdidgtheygapprovegit?g
g
A5g
Thegcolonistsgweregskepticalgofgdemocracygandgviewedgthisgtypegofggoverninggau
thoritygasgmobgrule.gSocietygwasglargelygseengasgsegmentedgintogthosegwhogsho
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancisgg
, 3g
uldgrulegandgthosegwhogshouldgnot.gIngfact,gthegFoundersgbelievedgthatgthegeliteg
(well-
educated,glandgowners)gshouldgoccupygpositionsgofgleadership.gThus,gangaristocr
aticgelementgwithinggovernmentgwasgnecessarygtogprotectgagainstgthegthreatgofg
mobgruleghistoricallygassociatedgwithgdemocracy.gFundamentally,gthegideagofgre
publicanismgwasgpromotedgasgangidealgatgaghigherglevelgthangdemocracy.gThisgw
asgmadegmostgmanifestgingthegtendencygtogprefergmixedgconstitutionalgschemesg
overgsingle-
bodygregimes,gsuchgasgmonarchies,garistocracies,gandgdemocracies.gItgwasgingthis
grespectgthatgourgcolonialgancestorsgweregbothginnovativegandgcriticalgofgextantg
governmentalgformsgyetgsimultaneouslygweddedgtogthegpast,gespeciallygthegGrec
o-RomangAncients.g
g
CHAPTERgOUTLINEg
g
I.g AgTraditiongtogDrawgFromg
HistorygandgexperiencegprovidedglessonsgupongwhichgthegFoundersgreferencedging
designinggAmericangpoliticalginstitutions.gg
A. ThegAncients:gWhogRulesgandgforgWhatgPurpose?g
ThegphilosophygofgPlatogandgAristotlegwasgconcernedgwithgstructuringgagsoci
ety,gknowngasgagcity-
state,gandgbasedguponghumangnature:gSpeechgandgreasongasgthegfundament
algcharacteristicsgofghumans.gThus,gthegpoliticalgcommunitygorgpolisgisgdesign
edgaccordinggtogthegvirtuesgandgabilitiesgofgitsginhabitants.gg
1.g ThegGreeks:gMonarchy,gAristocracy,gDemocracyg
a.g
AccordinggtogAristotle,gthegpurposegofgpoliticsgisgtogcreateg
angordergthatgfostersghumangexcellence.gPlato’sgleadergwasgthegp
hilosophergking.gSincegPlatogdoubtedgthegrealitygofgthisgking,ghegc
oncludedgthatggoodggovernmentgwouldgbeguncommongandgshortg
lived.ggPlatogandgparticularlygAristotlegidentifiedgthreegformsgofggo
vernment:g
1) Monarchy—rulegbygonegleaderg
2) Aristocracy—rulegbygagfewggoodgmeng
3) Democracy—rulegbygthegmanyg
b. Aristotlegalsogtheorizedgthatggovernmentsgwouldgdecay.gThus,g
monarchygdecaysgintogtyrannygthroughgdespoticgactionsgofgagsi
nglegruler.gSecond,garistocracygdecaysgintogoligarchygwherebygt
hegfewgrulegtogadvancegtheirgself-
interestsgcontrarygtogthegcommonggood.gFinally,gdemocracygde
caysgintogmobgrulegasgthegmassesgrulegaccordinggtogtheirgpassio
ns.g
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancisgg
, 4g
c. Aristotle’sgadditionalgcontribution:gPoliticalgordergbasedgongreal
ityg
1) Aristotle’sgcontributiongwasgpragmaticgbygaddressinggthegne
edsgofgthegwealthygandgthegmassesgwithingagsocietygtogform
gagmixedggovernment.gg
2) Hegbelievedgthatgoligarchygandgdemocracygaregthegmostgco
mmongregimes.gTherefore,gthegbestgelementsgofgeachgmight
gbegcombinedgandgmadegintogaggood,gworkable,gandgstableg
government.gHegcalledgthisgformg“polity.”g
2.g ThegRomans:gRepublicanismgandgMixedgGovernmentg
a. ThegRomans,gnotablygPolybiusgandgCicero,gbelievedgthatggovernm
ent’sginstitutionalgstructuregshouldgarbitrategpowergbetweengrichg
andgpoor.gAccordingly,gthisgordergwasgagrepublicgorgmixedgstategi
ngwhichgmonarchical,garistocratic,gandgdemocraticgelementsgaregr
epresented.gg
b. Polybiusgassertedgthatgthisgmixedggovernmentgwouldgpromotegst
abilitygviagagstronggexecutivegwhilegalsogprovidinggaglegislativegbra
nchgwherebygthegfewg(wealthy)gandgmanyg(poor)gcouldgparticipat
egingthegpoliticalgprocess.g
c. Cicerogappealedgtognaturalglaw,gthegnecessitygofgrulegofglaw,gandg
thegvirtuesgofgliberty,gequality,gandgtheginformedgconsentgofgthegi
ndividualgtogprovidegstability,gorder,gandgfreedom.g
d. Cicero’sgimpactgupongthegFramersgisgseengwithgthegconceptsgofgli
mitedggovernment,gseparationgofgpowers,gandgchecksgandgbalanc
es.gThegFounders,gspecificallygJamesgMadison,greflectedgupongthe
gancientgphilosopher’sgbeliefsgconcerninggthegroles,ginstitutions,ga
ndgmechanismsgofgpolitics.gHowever,gthegtaskgatghandgforgthegFra
mersgofgthegU.S.gConstitutiongwasgtogdesigngaggovernmentgbalanc
inggordergandgfreedomgtogthegendgofgprovidinggagjustggovernment
gthatgmaygbegsustainedgovergangextendedgperiodgofgtime.gg
B. ThegMiddlegAges:gThegSeculargServesgthegStategg
ThegChristiangviewgofgpoliticalglifegmaintainedgthatgtheghighestggoalgofgmangi
sgsalvationgandgeternity,gwhichgaregachievedgbygservinggGod.gThisgviewgofgpo
liticalglifegwasgproposedgbygSt.gAugustinegandgSt.gThomasgAquinasgwhogadvo
catedgthatgbothgrulergandgruledgshouldgconductgthemselvesgingthegpoliticalgr
ealmgasgingtheirgpersonalglifegthroughgagdevotiongtogGod.gg
1. Thisghadgpoliticalgimplications.gTogachievegsalvationgthegpoliticalgorderg
wasgorganizedgtogsupportgreligiousgbeliefs,gvalues,gandgexpectations.g
Thus,greligiousginstitutionsgweregactivegingpoliticalgmatters.g
a. Ordergwasgneededgtogallowgreligiongtogprospergingpeace.g
b. Rulegbygonegorgagfewg(e.g.gthegPopegorgking)g
c. Religiousgordergassuredgobediencegtogauthoritygg
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancisgg
Solution Manual for
g g gg
AmericangGovernmentgPoliticalgDevelopmentgandgInstitutionalgChangegByg
CalgJillsongChapterg1-21g
g
Chapterg1g
THEgORIGINSgOFgAMERICANgPOLITICALgPRINCIPLESg
g
g
FOCUSgQUESTIONSg
g
Q1g Whatgaregthegbroadgpurposesgofggovernment?g
g
A1g
Thegancientsgbelievedgthegrolegofggovernmentgandgpoliticsgwasgtogfosterghumang
excellence.gHowever,gitgisgimperativegtogremembergthatgthegGreeksgandgRomans
gbelievedgthegvirtuousgshouldgrulegaccordinggtognaturalglaw.gFurthermore,gvalues
gofgequalitygandgordergwouldgbegservedgthroughgagsocietygbasedgupongthegrulego
fglawgtogprovidegforgthegcommonggood.gIngthegMiddlegAges,ggovernmentgwasglar
gelygusedgtogfacilitategreligiongandgmaintainedgthegneedgforgthegindividualgtoglive
gagproperglifegingthegservicegofgGod.gThegrolegofggovernmentgchangedgingthegearl
ygsixteenthgcenturygbygdownplayinggthegrolegofgreligiongwhilegalternativelygprom
otinggthegrolegofglimitedggovernmentgtogprotectgprivategpropertygandgindividualg
rights.g
g
Q2g Howgshouldggovernmentgbegdesignedgtogachievegitsgpurposes?g
g
A2g AccordinggtogPlatogthegphilosopher-
king’sgwisdomgandgintellectgwouldgpromotegorder,gstabilitygandgjustice.gYet,gAris
totlegtakesgagmoregrealisticgviewgofgAtheniangsocietygbygadvocatinggthegbestgfor
mgofggovernmentgasgagpolity,gwhichgcombinedgoligarchicgandgdemocraticgeleme
ntsgtogproducegpoliticalgstability.gThegRomansgcombinedgmonarchical,garistocrati
c,gandgdemocraticgprinciplesgasgagmixedggovernmentgwithingrepresentativegbodi
esglikegthegSenategandgthegAssemblygingordergtogchampiongthegcausesgofgbothgth
egrichgandgthegpoor.gGovernmentgingthegMiddlegAgesgwasgdeterminedgthroughgd
ivinegright,gwherebygagmonarchgorgPopegwasgordainedgbygGodgtogrule.gHence,gwi
sdomgandgvirtuegrestedgwithingthesegfewgindividualsgwhoggovernedgtogpromoteg
religiousglifegandgprotectgthegreligiousgestablishment.gThegRenaissance,gProtesta
ntgReformation,gandgEnlightenmentgPeriodsgshiftedgthegrolegofggovernmentgfro
mgupholdinggreligiousgdoctrinegtogseculargconcerns,gsuchgasgprotectingginalienab
legrights,gincludinggprivategproperty,gandgpromotinggcommerce.gIngturn,gEnlighte
nmentgpoliticalg
, 2g
g
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancisgg
g
philosophersglargelygappealedgtogindividualismgandgnotgreligiousghierarchygasgag
meansgtogprovidegordergandgstabilitygingwhichgindividualsgcouldgflourish.gg
g
Q3g
WhatglessonsgaboutggovernmentgdidgcolonialgAmericansgdrawgfromgtheghistoryg
ofgancientgGreecegandgRome?g
g
A3g
Platogwasgsuspiciousgofgdemocracy’sgrulegofgthegmanygbecauseggoodggovernmen
tgwouldgdecaygintogmobgrule.gHence,gthegpassionsgofgthegmassesgneededgtogbegq
uelledgbygmoregaristocraticgelements.gWithgthisgproblemgingmind,gthegFramersgo
fgthegU.S.gConstitutiongreferencedgtheginstitutionalgdesigngofgthegRomangrepubli
cgadheredgtogthegtraditiongofgmixedggovernmentginitiallygexpoundedgbygAristotle
gandgthegRomans.gThisgwasgmaintainedgingthegindirectgselectiongofgbothgthegSen
ategandgthegpresidencygwithingthegConstitution.gAristotlegalsogadvocatedgmixingg
aristocraticgandgdemocraticgelementsgingaggoverninggstructuregcalledgagpolity.gIng
effect,gthisggovernmentalgdesigngallowedgthegfewgandgthegmanygtogparticipategin
gthegpoliticsgprovidinggangorderlygsocietygwheregthegpoorgshouldgbegablegtogselec
tggovernmentgofficialsgwhogweregheldgaccountable.gThisgwasgalsogmadegmanifest
gingthegConstitutiongwithgitsgaristocratic-
likegSenategandgthegmoregdemocraticgHousegofgRepresentatives.gThusgthegAmeri
cangrepublic’sgConstitutiongestablishedginstitutionalgpowersgtoggoverngaccording
gtogthegrulegofglaw.gWhilegthegFramersgrejectedgthegreligiousghierarchygofgthegMi
ddlegAges,gtheygappealedgtoginalienablegrightsgendowedgupongeverygindividualgb
ygGod,gpergthegwritingsgofgJohngLocke,gingwhichgagjustggovernmentgandgsocietygc
ouldgnotgbegimpeded.gg
g
Q4g WhatgcircumstancesgledgEuropeansgtogleavegtheirghomelandsgtogsettlegingAmerica?g
g
A4g
Individualsgimmigratedgtogthegcoloniesgtogescapegreligiousgpersecutiongandgcivilg
unrestgaftergthegEnglishgCivilgWargandgtogpursuegsocialgandgeconomicgopportunit
ies.gColonistsgenjoyedgagvastgarraygofgnaturalgresourcesgandgaglargeggeographical
gareagwheregfreedomgofgreligiongandgeconomicgopportunitygflourished.gAlso,gthe
irgheterogeneousgsocialgcompositiongasgwellgasgcontinualgpromotiongofgideals,gsu
chgasgequalitygandgtolerance,gtendedgtogpromotegpoliticalgfreedomgatgthegsameg
timegthatgsocialgexpansiongofgthegpopulationgwasgoccurring.gg
g
Q5g Whatgdidgdemocracygmeangtogourgcolonialgancestors,gandgdidgtheygapprovegit?g
g
A5g
Thegcolonistsgweregskepticalgofgdemocracygandgviewedgthisgtypegofggoverninggau
thoritygasgmobgrule.gSocietygwasglargelygseengasgsegmentedgintogthosegwhogsho
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancisgg
, 3g
uldgrulegandgthosegwhogshouldgnot.gIngfact,gthegFoundersgbelievedgthatgthegeliteg
(well-
educated,glandgowners)gshouldgoccupygpositionsgofgleadership.gThus,gangaristocr
aticgelementgwithinggovernmentgwasgnecessarygtogprotectgagainstgthegthreatgofg
mobgruleghistoricallygassociatedgwithgdemocracy.gFundamentally,gthegideagofgre
publicanismgwasgpromotedgasgangidealgatgaghigherglevelgthangdemocracy.gThisgw
asgmadegmostgmanifestgingthegtendencygtogprefergmixedgconstitutionalgschemesg
overgsingle-
bodygregimes,gsuchgasgmonarchies,garistocracies,gandgdemocracies.gItgwasgingthis
grespectgthatgourgcolonialgancestorsgweregbothginnovativegandgcriticalgofgextantg
governmentalgformsgyetgsimultaneouslygweddedgtogthegpast,gespeciallygthegGrec
o-RomangAncients.g
g
CHAPTERgOUTLINEg
g
I.g AgTraditiongtogDrawgFromg
HistorygandgexperiencegprovidedglessonsgupongwhichgthegFoundersgreferencedging
designinggAmericangpoliticalginstitutions.gg
A. ThegAncients:gWhogRulesgandgforgWhatgPurpose?g
ThegphilosophygofgPlatogandgAristotlegwasgconcernedgwithgstructuringgagsoci
ety,gknowngasgagcity-
state,gandgbasedguponghumangnature:gSpeechgandgreasongasgthegfundament
algcharacteristicsgofghumans.gThus,gthegpoliticalgcommunitygorgpolisgisgdesign
edgaccordinggtogthegvirtuesgandgabilitiesgofgitsginhabitants.gg
1.g ThegGreeks:gMonarchy,gAristocracy,gDemocracyg
a.g
AccordinggtogAristotle,gthegpurposegofgpoliticsgisgtogcreateg
angordergthatgfostersghumangexcellence.gPlato’sgleadergwasgthegp
hilosophergking.gSincegPlatogdoubtedgthegrealitygofgthisgking,ghegc
oncludedgthatggoodggovernmentgwouldgbeguncommongandgshortg
lived.ggPlatogandgparticularlygAristotlegidentifiedgthreegformsgofggo
vernment:g
1) Monarchy—rulegbygonegleaderg
2) Aristocracy—rulegbygagfewggoodgmeng
3) Democracy—rulegbygthegmanyg
b. Aristotlegalsogtheorizedgthatggovernmentsgwouldgdecay.gThus,g
monarchygdecaysgintogtyrannygthroughgdespoticgactionsgofgagsi
nglegruler.gSecond,garistocracygdecaysgintogoligarchygwherebygt
hegfewgrulegtogadvancegtheirgself-
interestsgcontrarygtogthegcommonggood.gFinally,gdemocracygde
caysgintogmobgrulegasgthegmassesgrulegaccordinggtogtheirgpassio
ns.g
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancisgg
, 4g
c. Aristotle’sgadditionalgcontribution:gPoliticalgordergbasedgongreal
ityg
1) Aristotle’sgcontributiongwasgpragmaticgbygaddressinggthegne
edsgofgthegwealthygandgthegmassesgwithingagsocietygtogform
gagmixedggovernment.gg
2) Hegbelievedgthatgoligarchygandgdemocracygaregthegmostgco
mmongregimes.gTherefore,gthegbestgelementsgofgeachgmight
gbegcombinedgandgmadegintogaggood,gworkable,gandgstableg
government.gHegcalledgthisgformg“polity.”g
2.g ThegRomans:gRepublicanismgandgMixedgGovernmentg
a. ThegRomans,gnotablygPolybiusgandgCicero,gbelievedgthatggovernm
ent’sginstitutionalgstructuregshouldgarbitrategpowergbetweengrichg
andgpoor.gAccordingly,gthisgordergwasgagrepublicgorgmixedgstategi
ngwhichgmonarchical,garistocratic,gandgdemocraticgelementsgaregr
epresented.gg
b. Polybiusgassertedgthatgthisgmixedggovernmentgwouldgpromotegst
abilitygviagagstronggexecutivegwhilegalsogprovidinggaglegislativegbra
nchgwherebygthegfewg(wealthy)gandgmanyg(poor)gcouldgparticipat
egingthegpoliticalgprocess.g
c. Cicerogappealedgtognaturalglaw,gthegnecessitygofgrulegofglaw,gandg
thegvirtuesgofgliberty,gequality,gandgtheginformedgconsentgofgthegi
ndividualgtogprovidegstability,gorder,gandgfreedom.g
d. Cicero’sgimpactgupongthegFramersgisgseengwithgthegconceptsgofgli
mitedggovernment,gseparationgofgpowers,gandgchecksgandgbalanc
es.gThegFounders,gspecificallygJamesgMadison,greflectedgupongthe
gancientgphilosopher’sgbeliefsgconcerninggthegroles,ginstitutions,ga
ndgmechanismsgofgpolitics.gHowever,gthegtaskgatghandgforgthegFra
mersgofgthegU.S.gConstitutiongwasgtogdesigngaggovernmentgbalanc
inggordergandgfreedomgtogthegendgofgprovidinggagjustggovernment
gthatgmaygbegsustainedgovergangextendedgperiodgofgtime.gg
B. ThegMiddlegAges:gThegSeculargServesgthegStategg
ThegChristiangviewgofgpoliticalglifegmaintainedgthatgtheghighestggoalgofgmangi
sgsalvationgandgeternity,gwhichgaregachievedgbygservinggGod.gThisgviewgofgpo
liticalglifegwasgproposedgbygSt.gAugustinegandgSt.gThomasgAquinasgwhogadvo
catedgthatgbothgrulergandgruledgshouldgconductgthemselvesgingthegpoliticalgr
ealmgasgingtheirgpersonalglifegthroughgagdevotiongtogGod.gg
1. Thisghadgpoliticalgimplications.gTogachievegsalvationgthegpoliticalgorderg
wasgorganizedgtogsupportgreligiousgbeliefs,gvalues,gandgexpectations.g
Thus,greligiousginstitutionsgweregactivegingpoliticalgmatters.g
a. Ordergwasgneededgtogallowgreligiongtogprospergingpeace.g
b. Rulegbygonegorgagfewg(e.g.gthegPopegorgking)g
c. Religiousgordergassuredgobediencegtogauthoritygg
©g2023gTaylorg&gFrancisgg
