Instuctor Manual For g g gg
LawgforgBusinessg15egBarnesg
Chapterg1-47g g
g
CHAPTERg1:gLAWgANDgLEGALgREASONINGgg
LECTUREgOUTLINEg
1. DiscussgthegTwisdalegcasegthatgopensgthisgchapter.gItgprovidesganginterestinggvehiclegforgdis
cussinggthegfunctionsgofglawgandglegalginterpretation.g
a. Havegyourgstudentsgidentifygthegvariousgfunctionsgofgtheglawgandgthengdiscussgwhichgsp
ecificgfunctionsgaregfurtheredgbygthisgantiretaliationgaspectsgofgthegCivilgRightsgstatute.gg
b. Ingthegcontextgofglegalginterpretation,gthegcourtgfoundgthatgTwisdalegdidgseemgtogbegprot
ectedgbasedgongthegliteralglanguagegofgthegstatute.gHowever,gitglookedgbeyondgthegplaing
meaninggtogrejectghisgclaim.gSpecifically,gthegcourtgbelievedgthatginterpretinggtheglawging
agmannergthatgwouldgprotectghimgfromgretaliationgwouldgunderminegthegpurposegofgthegs
tatute.gItgisgconceivablegthatgthegcourtgisgmotivatedgbygpublicgpolicygconcernsgasgwell.gg
c. Whatgdogyourgstudentsgthinkgofgcourtsgwhogdoglookgatgintentgandgpublicgpolicy?gUsegthi
sgasgaglead-ingforgagdiscussiongofglegalgjurisprudence.g
2. Questiongstudentsgaboutgtheirgdefinitionsgofg―law.‖gMakegcertaingtheygunderstandgthegimpo
rtancegofglawgingallgaspectsgofgourglives.g
3. Discussgthegvariousgfunctionsgthatglawgservesgingsociety.gYougmightgdogthisgbyghavinggthegst
udentsgidentifygsomegofgthem.gg
a. Discussgthegconflictsgthatgarisegbetweengandgamonggthegvariousgfunctionsgofglaw.gForgex
ample,gtheregoftengaregconflictsgbetweengtheggoalsgofgindividualgfreedomgandgachievingg
socialgjustice.gNotegthegproblemsgthatgarisegwhengtheregisgnogcleargconsensusgongwhatgisg
just.g
b. Askgthegstudentsgifgtheygthinkgthatglawgevergisg―overused.‖gTheygareglikelygtogcitegnum
erousgexamples.gForginstance,gthisgmightgbegagtimegtogtalkgaboutgthegproductgliabilitygcas
esgthatgaregregularlygingthegheadlines.gPerhapsgthegcaseginvolvinggthegwomangwhogburne
dgherselfgwithgcoffeegfromgMcDonald’sgwouldgbegappropriateghere.g
1-1g
©gMcGrawgHillgLLC.gAllgrightsgreserved.gNogreproductiongorgdistributiongwithoutgthegpriorgwrittengconsentgofgM
cGrawgHillgLLC.g
, c. Havegthegstudentsgdiscussgwhatgitgmeansgtoghavegtheglawgmaintaingorder.gYougmightgask
gstudentsgifgmaintaininggordergmeansgmaintaininggthegstatusgquo.gThisgcangleadgtogagdisc
ussiongofglegalgrealismgandgviewsgthatglawgisgusedgbygthosegingpowergtogretaingtheirgpow
er.g
4. Theregisgagtendencygforgpeoplegtogthinkgofglawgasgimposinggdutiesgwithoutgconsideringghowg
itgestablishesgandgpreservesgrights.gTalkgaboutghowgourgsystemgtriesgtogmatchgrightsgwithgco
rrespondinggduties.g
a. Explainghowgduties,grights,gandgprivilegesgmakegupgsubstantiveglaw.g
b. Explaingthatgproceduralglawgprovidesgthegframeworkgwithingwhichgsubstantiveglawsgareg
createdgandgenforced.gPointgoutgthatgChaptersg2gandg4goffergagmoregdetailedgdiscussiongo
fgproceduralglaw.g
5. Askgthegstudentsgtogthinkgofgangexamplegofgagdutygimposedgbygsubstantiveglawgthatgmightgvi
olategsomegmoralgorgethicalgbelief.gThisgmightgbegaggoodgtimegtogtalkgaboutgthegvariousgsch
oolsgofglegalgjurisprudence.gHavegthemgspeculateghowgaglegalgpositivistgwouldgdiffergfromga
glegalgsociologistgorgnaturalglawgtheoristginghandlinggsuchgsituations.g
6. Contrastgcriminalglawgwithgcivilglaw.g
a. Pointgoutgthatgsocietygconsidersgitgmuchgworsegtogbegconvictedgofgagcrimegthangtogbeghel
dgcivillygliable.gExplainghow,gasgagresult,gtheregaregmoregexactinggproceduralgsafeguards
gtogprotectgagdefendantgingagcriminalgtrialgthangingagcivilgtrial.g
b. Notegthegdifferencegbetweengcompensatorygdamagesgandgpunitivegdamages.gDiscussgthe
gcurrentguproargovergpunitivegdamagesgandgthegSupremegCourt’sgattemptgtogreingthemgin
.gSeegStategFarmgMutualgAutomobilegInsurancegv.gCampbell,g123gS.Ct.g1513g(U.S.gSup.
gCt.g2003)g(establishinggguidepostsgforgcalculatinggpunitivegdamages).gPunitivegdamages
garegdiscussedgfurthergingChapterg6.g
c. Pointgoutgthatgoftengonegcangbegsubjectgtogsanctionsgundergbothgcriminalgandgcivilglawsg
withoutgviolatinggthegproscriptiongagainstg―doublegjeopardy.‖gFindgoutgifgthegstudentsgt
hinkgthatgpunitivegdamagesgingagcivilgtrial,gcoupledgwithgfinesgingagcriminalgtrial,gconstit
utegagtypegofgdoublegjeopardy.g
Marinellogv.gUnitedgStatesg
MarinellogwasgchargedgwithgthegcrimegofgcorruptlygimpedinggthegduegadministrationgofgthegTaxg
Codegafterghegengagedgingseveralgactivitiesgthatgunderreportedghisgtaxablegincome.gHowever,gthe
gU.S.gSupremegCourtgoverturnedghisgcriminalgconvictiongbecausegMarinellogwasgunawaregthatghe
gwasgundergIRSginvestigationgatgthegtimegofghisgactivities.gCitinggthegneedgtogconstruegcriminalgst
1-2g
©gMcGrawgHillgLLC.gAllgrightsgreserved.gNogreproductiongorgdistributiongwithoutgthegpriorgwrittengconsentgofgM
cGrawgHillgLLC.g
,atutesgnarrowly,gthegCourtgruledgthatgthegparticulargstatute—thegOmnibusgClause—
didgnotgcovergallgactivitiesgthatgunderreportedgincome.gThegCourtgbelievedgthatgthegstatutegcover
edgagnarrowergrangegofgactivitiesgaimedgdirectlygatgthwartinggthegactivitiesgofginvestigationsgwhe
ngthegtaxpayergknewgorgshouldghavegknownganginvestigationgwasgunderway.gg
PointsgforgDiscussion:gThisgcasegisgplacedgingthegtextgasgangexamplegofgtheggeneralgrulesgunderly
inggcriminalglaw.gSpecifically,gagpersonggenerallygcannotgbegconvictedgofgagcrimegunlessghegorgs
hegviolatesgagstatute.gHowever,gsuchgstatutesgmustgbegobjectivelygcleargtogagreasonablegperson.gT
hisgGovernment’sginterpretationgofgthisgstatutegwasgbelievedgtoggrantgthegGovernmentgtoogmuchg
discretiongingdetermininggwhatgconstitutedgagcrime.g
7. Thegbriefgintroductiongtogourglegalgsystemgshouldgbegagreviewgforgmostgstudents.g
a. ThegconstitutionalglawgmaterialgisgmoregheavilygdiscussedgingChapterg4.gAngargumentgca
ngbegmadegforgitgtogbegpresentedgimmediatelygfollowinggthisgchapter.gHowever,gwegbelie
vegstudentsgshouldgfirstgreviewgChapterg2’sgdiscussiongofgthegdisputegresolutiongsystem.g
b. Talkgaboutgthegrolegofgthegcourtsgingdetermininggthegconstitutionalitygofglegislation.gDogt
heygbelievegthisggivesgthegcourtsgtoogmuchgpower?g
c. Explaingthegrelationshipgbetweengstateglawsgandgfederalglaws.gMakegcertaingthegstudents
gunderstandgthatgstateglawsgmaygnotgviolategthegfederalgconstitutiongandgmustgbegconsist
entgwithgfederalgstatutes.g
HenrygScheingv.gArcherg&gWhitegSalesg
ThegFederalgArbitrationgActgprovidesgthatgpartiesgmay,gthroughgtheirgpowergtogcontract,gagreegth
atgtheirgdisputesgwillgbegarbitrated.gIngaddition,gthegActgallowsgthosegsamegpartiesgtogagreegthatga
ngarbitrator,grathergthangagcourt,gwillgdeterminegwhethergthatgarbitrationgclausegappliesgtoganygpar
ticulargdisputegtheygmayghave.gHowever,gseveralgfederalgappellategcourtsgcarvedgoutgag―whollyg
groundless‖gexceptiongtogtheglattergrulegbygwhichgtheygallowedgcourtsgtogconcludegthatgarbitratio
ngwasgnotgappropriategwhengthegcourtgbelievedgthegclaimgofgarbitrabilitygwasggroundless.gIngthisg
case,gthegU.S.gSupremegCourt,gcitinggbothgthegstatutegandgSupremegCourtgprecedent,gruledgthatgt
heg―whollyggroundless‖gexceptiongwasgimpermissiblegbecausegitgcontradictedgthegstatute.gg
PointsgforgDiscussion:gThisgcasegisgangexamplegofgtheglimitsgongthegjudiciary’sgdiscretiongundergt
hegcommonglaw.gItgillustratesgthatgingtheghierarchygofglaws,glegislativeglawgisgsuperiorgtogjudgem
adeglaw.gItgalsogillustratesgthegrolegofgprecedentginginterpretinggstatutes.g
8. Thegmaterialgongstatutoryginterpretationgcangbegextremelygimportantginglayinggthegfoundatio
ngforghowglawyersgthink.gMoregimportantly,gitgteachesgstudentsgvaluablegcriticalgthinkinggsk
ills.gTakegthegstudentsgthroughgthegprocessgforginterpretinggstatutes.gYougmaygdiscussgstatut
1-3g
©gMcGrawgHillgLLC.gAllgrightsgreserved.gNogreproductiongorgdistributiongwithoutgthegpriorgwrittengconsentgofgM
cGrawgHillgLLC.g
, oryginterpretationgandglegalgjurisprudencegtogether.gNoteghowgpositivistsgoftenghavegproble
msg
movinggbeyondgtheg―plaingmeaning‖gofgwordsgwhilegnaturalglawgtheoristsgandglegalgsociolo
gistsgaregaccusedgofgignoringgthem.g
Bostockgv.gClaytongCounty,gGeorgiag
EmployersgarguedgthatgCivilgRightsgAct’sgprohibitiongagainstgdiscriminationgbasedgongsexgdidgn
otgprotectgemployeesgwhogweregfiredgbecausegtheygwereghomosexualgorgtransgender.gThegemplo
yersgassertedgthatgtheglawgshouldgnotgbegexpandedgtogprotectgthesegemployeesgbecausegtheglegisl
atorsgwhogoriginallygenactedgthegstatutegwouldgnotghavegenvisionedgitgbeinggextendedgingthisgwa
y.gThegU.S.gSupremegCourtgdisagreed.gItgfoundgnogambiguitygingthegplaingmeaninggofgthegstatute
—
thegCourtgbelievedgthegstatutoryglanguagegclearlygprohibitedgsuchgdiscriminationgbecausegitgwasg
basedgongsex.gg
PointsgforgDiscussion:gExplainghowgthegcourtgrefusedgtoglookgbeyondgthegplaingmeaninggofgthegs
tatute,gconcludinggthatgitgwouldgbegwronggtogattemptgtoggleangthegintentgofgeachglegislatorgwhogv
otedgforgtheglaw.gDiscussgwhethergthisgopiniongisgtrulyglegalgpositivistgingnature.gExploreghowgitg
mightghavegundertonesgofglegalgsociology.g
9. Discussgthegconceptgofgstaregdecisis.g
a. Noteghowgstaregdecisisgpromotesgstability.g
Stewartgv.gJusticeg
Restaurantgownersgaskedgthegcourtgtogenjoingenforcementgofgangexecutivegordergrequiringgrestaur
antgemployeesgandgcustomersgtogweargmasks.gThegcourtgupheldgthegMaskgMandate,greasoninggth
atgitgwasgreasonablygdesignedgtogprotectgtheghealthgofgthegpublicgfromgthegspreadgofgthegCOVIDg
virus.gg
PointsgforgDiscussion:gUsegthisgcasegtogexplaingthegprocessgofgstaregdecisis.gNoteghowgthegcourt,
gingthegabsencegofgcleargprecedentgdealinggwithgCOVIDgrestrictions,glookedgforgguidancegtogagsm
allpoxgcasegdecidedgbygthegU.S.gSupremegCourtgmoregthang100gyearsgago.gYougmightgalsogusegt
hisgcasegtogdiscussgexecutivegordersgandgtheirgplacegingtheghierarchygofglegalgrules.gExplainghowg
executivegordersgmaygnotgviolategconstitutionalgprotections.gThisgcasegisgalsogconnectedgtogChap
terg4gandgitsgdiscussiongofgduegprocess.g
a. Noteghowgstaregdecisisgpermitsgchange.g
1-4g
©gMcGrawgHillgLLC.gAllgrightsgreserved.gNogreproductiongorgdistributiongwithoutgthegpriorgwrittengconsentgofgM
cGrawgHillgLLC.g
LawgforgBusinessg15egBarnesg
Chapterg1-47g g
g
CHAPTERg1:gLAWgANDgLEGALgREASONINGgg
LECTUREgOUTLINEg
1. DiscussgthegTwisdalegcasegthatgopensgthisgchapter.gItgprovidesganginterestinggvehiclegforgdis
cussinggthegfunctionsgofglawgandglegalginterpretation.g
a. Havegyourgstudentsgidentifygthegvariousgfunctionsgofgtheglawgandgthengdiscussgwhichgsp
ecificgfunctionsgaregfurtheredgbygthisgantiretaliationgaspectsgofgthegCivilgRightsgstatute.gg
b. Ingthegcontextgofglegalginterpretation,gthegcourtgfoundgthatgTwisdalegdidgseemgtogbegprot
ectedgbasedgongthegliteralglanguagegofgthegstatute.gHowever,gitglookedgbeyondgthegplaing
meaninggtogrejectghisgclaim.gSpecifically,gthegcourtgbelievedgthatginterpretinggtheglawging
agmannergthatgwouldgprotectghimgfromgretaliationgwouldgunderminegthegpurposegofgthegs
tatute.gItgisgconceivablegthatgthegcourtgisgmotivatedgbygpublicgpolicygconcernsgasgwell.gg
c. Whatgdogyourgstudentsgthinkgofgcourtsgwhogdoglookgatgintentgandgpublicgpolicy?gUsegthi
sgasgaglead-ingforgagdiscussiongofglegalgjurisprudence.g
2. Questiongstudentsgaboutgtheirgdefinitionsgofg―law.‖gMakegcertaingtheygunderstandgthegimpo
rtancegofglawgingallgaspectsgofgourglives.g
3. Discussgthegvariousgfunctionsgthatglawgservesgingsociety.gYougmightgdogthisgbyghavinggthegst
udentsgidentifygsomegofgthem.gg
a. Discussgthegconflictsgthatgarisegbetweengandgamonggthegvariousgfunctionsgofglaw.gForgex
ample,gtheregoftengaregconflictsgbetweengtheggoalsgofgindividualgfreedomgandgachievingg
socialgjustice.gNotegthegproblemsgthatgarisegwhengtheregisgnogcleargconsensusgongwhatgisg
just.g
b. Askgthegstudentsgifgtheygthinkgthatglawgevergisg―overused.‖gTheygareglikelygtogcitegnum
erousgexamples.gForginstance,gthisgmightgbegagtimegtogtalkgaboutgthegproductgliabilitygcas
esgthatgaregregularlygingthegheadlines.gPerhapsgthegcaseginvolvinggthegwomangwhogburne
dgherselfgwithgcoffeegfromgMcDonald’sgwouldgbegappropriateghere.g
1-1g
©gMcGrawgHillgLLC.gAllgrightsgreserved.gNogreproductiongorgdistributiongwithoutgthegpriorgwrittengconsentgofgM
cGrawgHillgLLC.g
, c. Havegthegstudentsgdiscussgwhatgitgmeansgtoghavegtheglawgmaintaingorder.gYougmightgask
gstudentsgifgmaintaininggordergmeansgmaintaininggthegstatusgquo.gThisgcangleadgtogagdisc
ussiongofglegalgrealismgandgviewsgthatglawgisgusedgbygthosegingpowergtogretaingtheirgpow
er.g
4. Theregisgagtendencygforgpeoplegtogthinkgofglawgasgimposinggdutiesgwithoutgconsideringghowg
itgestablishesgandgpreservesgrights.gTalkgaboutghowgourgsystemgtriesgtogmatchgrightsgwithgco
rrespondinggduties.g
a. Explainghowgduties,grights,gandgprivilegesgmakegupgsubstantiveglaw.g
b. Explaingthatgproceduralglawgprovidesgthegframeworkgwithingwhichgsubstantiveglawsgareg
createdgandgenforced.gPointgoutgthatgChaptersg2gandg4goffergagmoregdetailedgdiscussiongo
fgproceduralglaw.g
5. Askgthegstudentsgtogthinkgofgangexamplegofgagdutygimposedgbygsubstantiveglawgthatgmightgvi
olategsomegmoralgorgethicalgbelief.gThisgmightgbegaggoodgtimegtogtalkgaboutgthegvariousgsch
oolsgofglegalgjurisprudence.gHavegthemgspeculateghowgaglegalgpositivistgwouldgdiffergfromga
glegalgsociologistgorgnaturalglawgtheoristginghandlinggsuchgsituations.g
6. Contrastgcriminalglawgwithgcivilglaw.g
a. Pointgoutgthatgsocietygconsidersgitgmuchgworsegtogbegconvictedgofgagcrimegthangtogbeghel
dgcivillygliable.gExplainghow,gasgagresult,gtheregaregmoregexactinggproceduralgsafeguards
gtogprotectgagdefendantgingagcriminalgtrialgthangingagcivilgtrial.g
b. Notegthegdifferencegbetweengcompensatorygdamagesgandgpunitivegdamages.gDiscussgthe
gcurrentguproargovergpunitivegdamagesgandgthegSupremegCourt’sgattemptgtogreingthemgin
.gSeegStategFarmgMutualgAutomobilegInsurancegv.gCampbell,g123gS.Ct.g1513g(U.S.gSup.
gCt.g2003)g(establishinggguidepostsgforgcalculatinggpunitivegdamages).gPunitivegdamages
garegdiscussedgfurthergingChapterg6.g
c. Pointgoutgthatgoftengonegcangbegsubjectgtogsanctionsgundergbothgcriminalgandgcivilglawsg
withoutgviolatinggthegproscriptiongagainstg―doublegjeopardy.‖gFindgoutgifgthegstudentsgt
hinkgthatgpunitivegdamagesgingagcivilgtrial,gcoupledgwithgfinesgingagcriminalgtrial,gconstit
utegagtypegofgdoublegjeopardy.g
Marinellogv.gUnitedgStatesg
MarinellogwasgchargedgwithgthegcrimegofgcorruptlygimpedinggthegduegadministrationgofgthegTaxg
Codegafterghegengagedgingseveralgactivitiesgthatgunderreportedghisgtaxablegincome.gHowever,gthe
gU.S.gSupremegCourtgoverturnedghisgcriminalgconvictiongbecausegMarinellogwasgunawaregthatghe
gwasgundergIRSginvestigationgatgthegtimegofghisgactivities.gCitinggthegneedgtogconstruegcriminalgst
1-2g
©gMcGrawgHillgLLC.gAllgrightsgreserved.gNogreproductiongorgdistributiongwithoutgthegpriorgwrittengconsentgofgM
cGrawgHillgLLC.g
,atutesgnarrowly,gthegCourtgruledgthatgthegparticulargstatute—thegOmnibusgClause—
didgnotgcovergallgactivitiesgthatgunderreportedgincome.gThegCourtgbelievedgthatgthegstatutegcover
edgagnarrowergrangegofgactivitiesgaimedgdirectlygatgthwartinggthegactivitiesgofginvestigationsgwhe
ngthegtaxpayergknewgorgshouldghavegknownganginvestigationgwasgunderway.gg
PointsgforgDiscussion:gThisgcasegisgplacedgingthegtextgasgangexamplegofgtheggeneralgrulesgunderly
inggcriminalglaw.gSpecifically,gagpersonggenerallygcannotgbegconvictedgofgagcrimegunlessghegorgs
hegviolatesgagstatute.gHowever,gsuchgstatutesgmustgbegobjectivelygcleargtogagreasonablegperson.gT
hisgGovernment’sginterpretationgofgthisgstatutegwasgbelievedgtoggrantgthegGovernmentgtoogmuchg
discretiongingdetermininggwhatgconstitutedgagcrime.g
7. Thegbriefgintroductiongtogourglegalgsystemgshouldgbegagreviewgforgmostgstudents.g
a. ThegconstitutionalglawgmaterialgisgmoregheavilygdiscussedgingChapterg4.gAngargumentgca
ngbegmadegforgitgtogbegpresentedgimmediatelygfollowinggthisgchapter.gHowever,gwegbelie
vegstudentsgshouldgfirstgreviewgChapterg2’sgdiscussiongofgthegdisputegresolutiongsystem.g
b. Talkgaboutgthegrolegofgthegcourtsgingdetermininggthegconstitutionalitygofglegislation.gDogt
heygbelievegthisggivesgthegcourtsgtoogmuchgpower?g
c. Explaingthegrelationshipgbetweengstateglawsgandgfederalglaws.gMakegcertaingthegstudents
gunderstandgthatgstateglawsgmaygnotgviolategthegfederalgconstitutiongandgmustgbegconsist
entgwithgfederalgstatutes.g
HenrygScheingv.gArcherg&gWhitegSalesg
ThegFederalgArbitrationgActgprovidesgthatgpartiesgmay,gthroughgtheirgpowergtogcontract,gagreegth
atgtheirgdisputesgwillgbegarbitrated.gIngaddition,gthegActgallowsgthosegsamegpartiesgtogagreegthatga
ngarbitrator,grathergthangagcourt,gwillgdeterminegwhethergthatgarbitrationgclausegappliesgtoganygpar
ticulargdisputegtheygmayghave.gHowever,gseveralgfederalgappellategcourtsgcarvedgoutgag―whollyg
groundless‖gexceptiongtogtheglattergrulegbygwhichgtheygallowedgcourtsgtogconcludegthatgarbitratio
ngwasgnotgappropriategwhengthegcourtgbelievedgthegclaimgofgarbitrabilitygwasggroundless.gIngthisg
case,gthegU.S.gSupremegCourt,gcitinggbothgthegstatutegandgSupremegCourtgprecedent,gruledgthatgt
heg―whollyggroundless‖gexceptiongwasgimpermissiblegbecausegitgcontradictedgthegstatute.gg
PointsgforgDiscussion:gThisgcasegisgangexamplegofgtheglimitsgongthegjudiciary’sgdiscretiongundergt
hegcommonglaw.gItgillustratesgthatgingtheghierarchygofglaws,glegislativeglawgisgsuperiorgtogjudgem
adeglaw.gItgalsogillustratesgthegrolegofgprecedentginginterpretinggstatutes.g
8. Thegmaterialgongstatutoryginterpretationgcangbegextremelygimportantginglayinggthegfoundatio
ngforghowglawyersgthink.gMoregimportantly,gitgteachesgstudentsgvaluablegcriticalgthinkinggsk
ills.gTakegthegstudentsgthroughgthegprocessgforginterpretinggstatutes.gYougmaygdiscussgstatut
1-3g
©gMcGrawgHillgLLC.gAllgrightsgreserved.gNogreproductiongorgdistributiongwithoutgthegpriorgwrittengconsentgofgM
cGrawgHillgLLC.g
, oryginterpretationgandglegalgjurisprudencegtogether.gNoteghowgpositivistsgoftenghavegproble
msg
movinggbeyondgtheg―plaingmeaning‖gofgwordsgwhilegnaturalglawgtheoristsgandglegalgsociolo
gistsgaregaccusedgofgignoringgthem.g
Bostockgv.gClaytongCounty,gGeorgiag
EmployersgarguedgthatgCivilgRightsgAct’sgprohibitiongagainstgdiscriminationgbasedgongsexgdidgn
otgprotectgemployeesgwhogweregfiredgbecausegtheygwereghomosexualgorgtransgender.gThegemplo
yersgassertedgthatgtheglawgshouldgnotgbegexpandedgtogprotectgthesegemployeesgbecausegtheglegisl
atorsgwhogoriginallygenactedgthegstatutegwouldgnotghavegenvisionedgitgbeinggextendedgingthisgwa
y.gThegU.S.gSupremegCourtgdisagreed.gItgfoundgnogambiguitygingthegplaingmeaninggofgthegstatute
—
thegCourtgbelievedgthegstatutoryglanguagegclearlygprohibitedgsuchgdiscriminationgbecausegitgwasg
basedgongsex.gg
PointsgforgDiscussion:gExplainghowgthegcourtgrefusedgtoglookgbeyondgthegplaingmeaninggofgthegs
tatute,gconcludinggthatgitgwouldgbegwronggtogattemptgtoggleangthegintentgofgeachglegislatorgwhogv
otedgforgtheglaw.gDiscussgwhethergthisgopiniongisgtrulyglegalgpositivistgingnature.gExploreghowgitg
mightghavegundertonesgofglegalgsociology.g
9. Discussgthegconceptgofgstaregdecisis.g
a. Noteghowgstaregdecisisgpromotesgstability.g
Stewartgv.gJusticeg
Restaurantgownersgaskedgthegcourtgtogenjoingenforcementgofgangexecutivegordergrequiringgrestaur
antgemployeesgandgcustomersgtogweargmasks.gThegcourtgupheldgthegMaskgMandate,greasoninggth
atgitgwasgreasonablygdesignedgtogprotectgtheghealthgofgthegpublicgfromgthegspreadgofgthegCOVIDg
virus.gg
PointsgforgDiscussion:gUsegthisgcasegtogexplaingthegprocessgofgstaregdecisis.gNoteghowgthegcourt,
gingthegabsencegofgcleargprecedentgdealinggwithgCOVIDgrestrictions,glookedgforgguidancegtogagsm
allpoxgcasegdecidedgbygthegU.S.gSupremegCourtgmoregthang100gyearsgago.gYougmightgalsogusegt
hisgcasegtogdiscussgexecutivegordersgandgtheirgplacegingtheghierarchygofglegalgrules.gExplainghowg
executivegordersgmaygnotgviolategconstitutionalgprotections.gThisgcasegisgalsogconnectedgtogChap
terg4gandgitsgdiscussiongofgduegprocess.g
a. Noteghowgstaregdecisisgpermitsgchange.g
1-4g
©gMcGrawgHillgLLC.gAllgrightsgreserved.gNogreproductiongorgdistributiongwithoutgthegpriorgwrittengconsentgofgM
cGrawgHillgLLC.g
