, (KubygImmunologygCovid-
19gDigitalgUpdate,g8egJennigPunt,gSharongStranford,gPatriciagJones,gJudygOwen)
(TestgBankgLatestgEditiong2023-24,gGradegA+,g100%gVerifiedggg g ggg ) g
gg
g g g
g
Chapterg01 g
g
1. Twogofgthegmain,gearlygtheoriesgproposedgtogexplainghowgantigen-
specificgantibodiesgdevelopgweregtheginstructionalgtheorygandgthegselectivegtheory.gHowgdidgthegtwogdiffer?gWhic
hgwasgultimatelygshowngtogbeg
CORRECT? g
ANSWER:ggThegselectivegtheorygsaysgthat,gwhengangantigengreceptorgbindsgwithgangantigen,gthegcellgbecomesgact
ivatedg(orgthegcellgisgselectedgtogproliferategandgsecretegmoregcopiesgofgthegreceptor).gTheginstructiona
lgtheorygsaysgthatgthegantigengreceptorgmoldsgitselfgtogthegantigen.gThegselectivegtheorygwasgshowngto
gbegcorrect. g
g
g
2. Often,gserendipitygplaysgagrolegingsignificantgscientificgdiscoveries.gIngyourgowngwords,gexplainghowgserendipitygl
edgPasteurgtogdiscovergagcholeragvaccine.g
ANSWER:ggPasteurgdevelopedgthegvaccinegingchickens,gwhichgweregingshortgsupply.gHegchallengedggroupsgofgchic
kensgwithgcholeragbacteria—
somegofgwhichgweregpreviouslygexposedgtogangattenuatedgversiongofgcholeragbacteria.gOnlygthegprevio
uslygexposedganimalsgweregprotectedgfromgagnewgchallenge,gwhichgledgtogthegusegofgweakenedgpathog
ensgasgvaccines. g
g
g
3. Despitegitsghavinggbeengeradicatedgongagglobalgscale,gsmallpoxgisgpresentlygconsideredgagpotentialgbioterrorismgth
reat.gWhy?gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer. g
ANSWER:ggAftergeradicationgwasgachieved,gsmallpoxgvaccinationgprogramsglargelygended.gAsgpopulationsgcontinue
dgtoggrowgovergtime,gangever-
increasinggpercentagegofgtheghumangpopulationgremainsgunvaccinatedgandgthus,gisgstillgsusceptiblegtogth
egdisease.g
g
g
4. Priorgtog1999,gitgwasgclaimedgthatgagthimerosalgadditivegingvaccinesgwasgcontributinggtogthegrisinggincidencegofga
utism.gIfgthegclaimsgweregtrue,gwhatgresultantgtrendgmightgyougexpectgtogobservegingthegrategofgautismgoncegthime
rosalgwasgremovedgfromgvaccines? g
ANSWER:ggOnegwouldgreasonablygexpectgagdecreasegingthegrategofgautism.gHowever,gcasesgofgautismgcontinuedg
togrisegaftergthimerosalgwasgremovedgfromgvaccinesging2001. g
g
g
,Name:ggg gClass:ggg gDate:gg
gg g
g
Chapterg01 g
g
5. Givengthegdiscoverygandgdevelopmentgofgeffectivegantibiotics,gmakegangargumentgforgthegcontinuedgusegofgvaccin
esgagainstgbacterialgpathogens.gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer. g
ANSWER:ggAntibioticsgaregusedgforgtreatmentgofgdisease,gnotgtypicallygforgprevention.gAntibioticgtreatmentgisgnotgfo
olproofg(consideringgthegrisinggincidencegofgantibioticgresistance).gVaccinesgaregagpreventativegmeasure,g
andgpreventiongisgtheggoldgstandardgforginfectiousgdiseasegcontrolgmeasures.g
g
g
6. Youghavegagfriendgunfamiliargwithgimmunology,gandghegasksgyougthegfollowinggquestion:g"WhygdogIgneedgthegflu
gshotgeverygyear,gbutgdon'tgneedgangannualgchickenpoxgvaccine?"gAsgagstudentgofgimmunology,ghowgwouldgyouge
xplaingthisgdiscrepancygtogyourgfriend?gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer. g
ANSWER:ggThegvirusgthatgcausesgthegflugchangesgeverygyearg-
gasgagresult,gagnewgflugvaccinegmustgbegpreparedgeachgyeargbasedgongagpredicationgofgthegmostgcomm
ongformsgofgthegvirusglikelygtogbegencountered.gVaccinesgaregspecificgingthegtypegofgpathogengagainst
gwhichgtheygprotect,gandgprotectiongagainstgonegtypegdoesgnotgguaranteegprotectiongagainstgpathogens
gthatgaregclosely-related.
g
g
g
7. ProvidegonegbenefitgandgonegdrawbackgofggeneratinggrandomgrecognitiongreceptorsgduringgthegdevelopmentgofgBg
cells.
g
ANSWER:ggAgbenefitgisghavinggthegcapacitygtogrecognizegandgrespondgtogdiversegpathogensgasgtheygevolve.g
Agdrawbackgisgthatgsomegrecognitiongreceptorsgcouldgpotentiallygrecognizegandgtargetghostgantigens. g
g
g
8. Agportiongofgourgimmunegsystems'gwhitegbloodgcellsgisgconstantlygcirculatinggthroughoutgthegbodygviagcirculation
gandglymphatics.gWhatgisgthegbenefitgofgsuchgcirculation?g
ANSWER:ggThegcirculationgofgthegwhitegbloodgcellsgallowsgforgagmoregcomprehensivegsurveillancegofgthegbodygf
orgthegpresencegofgpotentialgpathogens.gAgsignificantgportiongofgtheghumangbodygisgconstantlygexpos
edgtogpotentialgmicrobialgpathogens. g
g
g
9. Completegthegfollowinggtablegbygcomparinggandgcontrastingginnategandgadaptivegimmunegresponses. g
g
, Name:ggg gClass:ggg gDate:gg
gg g
g
Chapterg01 g
g
g
ANSWER:gg
19gDigitalgUpdate,g8egJennigPunt,gSharongStranford,gPatriciagJones,gJudygOwen)
(TestgBankgLatestgEditiong2023-24,gGradegA+,g100%gVerifiedggg g ggg ) g
gg
g g g
g
Chapterg01 g
g
1. Twogofgthegmain,gearlygtheoriesgproposedgtogexplainghowgantigen-
specificgantibodiesgdevelopgweregtheginstructionalgtheorygandgthegselectivegtheory.gHowgdidgthegtwogdiffer?gWhic
hgwasgultimatelygshowngtogbeg
CORRECT? g
ANSWER:ggThegselectivegtheorygsaysgthat,gwhengangantigengreceptorgbindsgwithgangantigen,gthegcellgbecomesgact
ivatedg(orgthegcellgisgselectedgtogproliferategandgsecretegmoregcopiesgofgthegreceptor).gTheginstructiona
lgtheorygsaysgthatgthegantigengreceptorgmoldsgitselfgtogthegantigen.gThegselectivegtheorygwasgshowngto
gbegcorrect. g
g
g
2. Often,gserendipitygplaysgagrolegingsignificantgscientificgdiscoveries.gIngyourgowngwords,gexplainghowgserendipitygl
edgPasteurgtogdiscovergagcholeragvaccine.g
ANSWER:ggPasteurgdevelopedgthegvaccinegingchickens,gwhichgweregingshortgsupply.gHegchallengedggroupsgofgchic
kensgwithgcholeragbacteria—
somegofgwhichgweregpreviouslygexposedgtogangattenuatedgversiongofgcholeragbacteria.gOnlygthegprevio
uslygexposedganimalsgweregprotectedgfromgagnewgchallenge,gwhichgledgtogthegusegofgweakenedgpathog
ensgasgvaccines. g
g
g
3. Despitegitsghavinggbeengeradicatedgongagglobalgscale,gsmallpoxgisgpresentlygconsideredgagpotentialgbioterrorismgth
reat.gWhy?gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer. g
ANSWER:ggAftergeradicationgwasgachieved,gsmallpoxgvaccinationgprogramsglargelygended.gAsgpopulationsgcontinue
dgtoggrowgovergtime,gangever-
increasinggpercentagegofgtheghumangpopulationgremainsgunvaccinatedgandgthus,gisgstillgsusceptiblegtogth
egdisease.g
g
g
4. Priorgtog1999,gitgwasgclaimedgthatgagthimerosalgadditivegingvaccinesgwasgcontributinggtogthegrisinggincidencegofga
utism.gIfgthegclaimsgweregtrue,gwhatgresultantgtrendgmightgyougexpectgtogobservegingthegrategofgautismgoncegthime
rosalgwasgremovedgfromgvaccines? g
ANSWER:ggOnegwouldgreasonablygexpectgagdecreasegingthegrategofgautism.gHowever,gcasesgofgautismgcontinuedg
togrisegaftergthimerosalgwasgremovedgfromgvaccinesging2001. g
g
g
,Name:ggg gClass:ggg gDate:gg
gg g
g
Chapterg01 g
g
5. Givengthegdiscoverygandgdevelopmentgofgeffectivegantibiotics,gmakegangargumentgforgthegcontinuedgusegofgvaccin
esgagainstgbacterialgpathogens.gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer. g
ANSWER:ggAntibioticsgaregusedgforgtreatmentgofgdisease,gnotgtypicallygforgprevention.gAntibioticgtreatmentgisgnotgfo
olproofg(consideringgthegrisinggincidencegofgantibioticgresistance).gVaccinesgaregagpreventativegmeasure,g
andgpreventiongisgtheggoldgstandardgforginfectiousgdiseasegcontrolgmeasures.g
g
g
6. Youghavegagfriendgunfamiliargwithgimmunology,gandghegasksgyougthegfollowinggquestion:g"WhygdogIgneedgthegflu
gshotgeverygyear,gbutgdon'tgneedgangannualgchickenpoxgvaccine?"gAsgagstudentgofgimmunology,ghowgwouldgyouge
xplaingthisgdiscrepancygtogyourgfriend?gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer. g
ANSWER:ggThegvirusgthatgcausesgthegflugchangesgeverygyearg-
gasgagresult,gagnewgflugvaccinegmustgbegpreparedgeachgyeargbasedgongagpredicationgofgthegmostgcomm
ongformsgofgthegvirusglikelygtogbegencountered.gVaccinesgaregspecificgingthegtypegofgpathogengagainst
gwhichgtheygprotect,gandgprotectiongagainstgonegtypegdoesgnotgguaranteegprotectiongagainstgpathogens
gthatgaregclosely-related.
g
g
g
7. ProvidegonegbenefitgandgonegdrawbackgofggeneratinggrandomgrecognitiongreceptorsgduringgthegdevelopmentgofgBg
cells.
g
ANSWER:ggAgbenefitgisghavinggthegcapacitygtogrecognizegandgrespondgtogdiversegpathogensgasgtheygevolve.g
Agdrawbackgisgthatgsomegrecognitiongreceptorsgcouldgpotentiallygrecognizegandgtargetghostgantigens. g
g
g
8. Agportiongofgourgimmunegsystems'gwhitegbloodgcellsgisgconstantlygcirculatinggthroughoutgthegbodygviagcirculation
gandglymphatics.gWhatgisgthegbenefitgofgsuchgcirculation?g
ANSWER:ggThegcirculationgofgthegwhitegbloodgcellsgallowsgforgagmoregcomprehensivegsurveillancegofgthegbodygf
orgthegpresencegofgpotentialgpathogens.gAgsignificantgportiongofgtheghumangbodygisgconstantlygexpos
edgtogpotentialgmicrobialgpathogens. g
g
g
9. Completegthegfollowinggtablegbygcomparinggandgcontrastingginnategandgadaptivegimmunegresponses. g
g
, Name:ggg gClass:ggg gDate:gg
gg g
g
Chapterg01 g
g
g
ANSWER:gg
