Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
g g g
Chapterg01:gIntroductiongtogPathophysiologygBanasik
:g
g
MULTIPLEgCHOICEg
g
1. C.Q.gwasgrecentlygexposedgtoggroupgAghemolyticgStreptococcusgandgsubsequentlygdevelop
edgagpharyngealginfection.gHisgclinicgexaminationgrevealsgangoralgtemperaturegofg102.3 F,g
skingrash,gdysphagia,gandgreddenedgthroatgmucosagwithgmultiplegpustules.gHegcomplainsgof
gsoregthroat,gmalaise,gandgjointgstiffness.gAgthroatgculturegisgpositivegforgStreptococcus,gand
gantibioticsghavegbeengprescribed.gThegetiologygofgC.Q.’sgdiseasegisg
a. agsoregthroat.g
b. streptococcalginfection.g
c. geneticgsusceptibility.g
d. pharyngitis.g
ANS:gBg
Etiologygrefersgtogthegproposedgcausegorgcausesgofgagparticulargdiseasegprocess.gAgsoregthro
atgisgthegmanifestationgofgthegdiseasegprocess.gGeneticgsusceptibilitygrefersgtoginheritedgtend
encygtogdevelopgagdisease.gPharyngitisgrefersgtoginflammationgofgthegthroatgandgisgalsogagcli
nicalgmanifestationgofgthegdiseasegprocess.g
g
2. Ag17-year-oldgcollege-
boundgstudentgreceivesgagvaccinegagainstgangorganismgthatgcausesgmeningitis.gThisgisgange
xamplegofga.gprimarygprevention.g
b. secondarygprevention.g
c. tertiarygprevention.g
d. diseasegtreatment.g
ANS:gAg
gg
MedgCgFileg2022g
, Primarygpreventiongisgpreventiongofgdiseasegbygalteringgsusceptibilitygorgreducinggexposureg
forgsusceptiblegindividualsgbygprovidinggvaccination.gSecondarygpreventiongisgthegearlygdet
ection,gscreening,gandgmanagementgofgthegdisease.gTertiarygpreventiongincludesgrehabilitati
vegandgsupportivegcaregandgattemptsgtogalleviategdisabilitygandgrestoregeffectivegfunctioning.
gDiseasegtreatmentginvolvesgmanagementgofgthegdiseasegoncegitghasgdeveloped.g
g
3. Angobesegbutgotherwiseghealthygteengisggivengagprescriptiongforgaglow-
caloriegdietgandgexercisegprogram.gThisgisgangexamplegofga.gprimarygprevention.g
b. secondarygprevention.g
c. tertiarygprevention.g
d. diseasegtreatment.g
ANS:gBg
Secondarygpreventiongisgthegearlygdetection,gscreening,gandgmanagementgofgthegdiseasegsuc
hg
asgprescribinggdietgandgexercisegforgangindividualgwhoghasgalreadygdevelopedgobesity.gPrim
arygpreventiongisgpreventiongofgdiseasegbygalteringgsusceptibilitygorgreducinggexposuregforgs
usceptiblegindividuals.gTertiarygpreventiongincludesgrehabilitativegandgsupportivegcaregandga
ttemptsgtogalleviategdisabilitygandgrestoregeffectivegfunctioning.gDiseasegtreatmentginvolvesg
managementgofgthegdiseasegoncegitghasgdeveloped.g
4. Agpatientgwithghighgbloodgpressuregwhogisgotherwiseghealthygisgcounseledgtogrestrictgsodiu
mgintake.gThisgisgangexamplegofga.gprimarygprevention.g
b. secondarygprevention.g
c. tertiarygprevention.g
d. diseasegtreatment.g
ANS:gBg
Secondarygpreventiongisgthegearlygdetection,gscreening,gandgmanagementgofgthegdisease,gsuc
hgasgbygprescribinggsodiumgrestrictiongforghighgbloodgpressure.gPrimarygpreventiongisgpreve
ntiongofgdiseasegbygalteringgsusceptibilitygorgreducinggexposuregforgsusceptiblegindividuals.g
Tertiarygpreventiongincludesgrehabilitativegandgsupportivegcaregandgattemptsgtogalleviategdis
abilitygandgrestoregeffectivegfunctioning.gDiseasegtreatmentginvolvesgmanagementgofgthegdis
easegoncegitghasgdeveloped.g
g
5. Aftergsufferinggagheartgattack,gagmiddle-agedgmangisgcounseledgtogtakegagcholesterol-
loweringgmedication.gThisgisgangexamplegofga.gprimarygprevention.g
b. secondarygprevention.g
c. tertiarygprevention.g
d. diseasegtreatment.g
ANS:gCg
Tertiarygpreventiongincludesgrehabilitativegandgsupportivegcaregandgattemptsgtogalleviategdis
abilitygandgrestoregeffectivegfunctioninggsuchgasgprescribinggagcholesterol-
loweringgmedicationgfollowinggagheartgattack.gPrimarygpreventiongisgpreventiongofgdiseaseg
N g
R
bygalteringgsusceptibilitygorgreducingge xpU os u Sre g
Igf NorGgs TuB.Cscepti bOlegin
g g g
dividuals.gSecondarygpreventiongisgthegearlygdetection,gscreening,gandgmanagementgofgthegd
isease.gDiseasegtreatmentginvolvesgmanagementgofgthegdiseasegoncegitghasgdeveloped.g
g
gg
MedgCgFileg2022g
, 6. Agpatientghasgbeengexposedgtogmeningococcalgmeningitis,gbutgisgnotgyetgdemonstratinggsig
nsgofgthisgdisease.gThisgstagegofgillnessgisgcalledgtheg stage.ga.gprodromalg
b. latentg
c. sequelag
d. convalescenceg
ANS:gBg
Incubationgrefersgtogthegintervalgbetweengexposuregofgagtissuegtoganginjuriousgagentgandgtheg
firstgappearancegofgsignsgandgsymptoms.gInginfectiousgdiseases,gthisgperiodgisgoftengcalledgt
hegincubationg(latent)gperiod.gProdromalgrefersgtogthegappearancegofgthegfirstgsignsgandgsym
ptomsgindicatinggthegonsetgofgagdisease.gThesegaregoftengnonspecific,gsuchgasgheadache,gmal
aise,ganorexia,gandgnausea,gwhichgaregassociatedgwithgagnumbergofgdifferentgdiseases.gSeque
lagrefersgtogsubsequentgpathologicgconditiongresultinggfromgagdisease.gConvalescencegisgtheg
stagegofgrecoverygaftergagdisease,ginjury,gorgsurgicalgoperation.g
g
7. Agdiseasegthatgisgnativegtogagparticulargregiongisgcalledg
a. epidemic.g
b. endemic.g
c. pandemic.g
d. ethnographic.g
ANS:gBg
Agdiseasegthatgisgnativegtogagparticulargregiongisgcalledgendemic.gAngepidemicgisgagdiseasegt
hatgspreadsgtogmanygindividualsgatgthegsamegtime.gPandemicsgaregepidemicsgthatgaffectglarg
eggeographicgregions,gperhapsgspreadinggworldwide.g
g
8. Inggeneral,gwithgaging,gorgangsizegandgfunctiong
a. increase.g
b. decrease.g
c. remaingthegsame.g
d. aregunknown.g
ANS:gBg
Inggeneral,gwithgaging,gorgangsizegandgfunctiongdecrease.g
g
9. Thegstagegduringgwhichgthegpatientgfunctionsgnormally,galthoughgthegdiseasegprocessesgareg
wellgestablished,gisgreferredgtogasga.glatent.g
b. subclinical.g
c. prodromal.g
d. convalescence.g
ANS:gBg
Thegstagegduringgwhichgthegpatientgfunctionsgnormally,galthoughgthegdiseasegprocessesgareg
wellgestablished,gisgcalledgthegsubclinicalgstage.gThegintervalgbetweengexposuregofgagtissuegt
oganginjuriousgagentgandgthegfNirUstRapSpIeaNraGnTceBo.fgCsigOnMsgandgsymptom
sgmaygbegcalledgaglatentgperiodgor,gingthegcasegofginfectiousgdiseases,gangincubationgperiod.g
Thegprodromalgperiod,gorgprodrome,grefersgtogthegappearancegofgthegfirstgsignsgandgsympto
msgindicatinggthegonsetgofgagdisease.gConvalescencegisgthegstagegofgrecoverygaftergagdisease,
ginjury,gorgsurgicalgoperation.g
gg
MedgCgFileg2022g
, g
MULTIPLEgRESPONSEg
g
1. Yourgpatient’sgredgbloodgcellgisgslightlygelevatedgtoday.gThisgmightgbegexplainedgbyg(Selec
tgallgthatgapply.)g
a. gendergdifference.g
b. situationalgfactors.g
c. normalgvariation.g
d. culturalgvariation.g
e. illness.g
ANS:gA,gB,gC,gEg
Gender,gsituationsg(e.g.,galtitude),gnormalgvariations,gandgillnessgmaygallgdeterminegredgbloo
dgcellgcount.gCulturegaffectsghowgmanifestationsgaregperceivedg(normalgversusgabnormal).g
g
2. Socioeconomicgfactorsginfluencegdiseasegdevelopmentgbecausegofg(Selectgallgthatgapply.)ga
.ggenetics.g
b. environmentalgtoxins.g
c. overcrowding.g
d. nutrition.g
e. hygiene.g
ANS:gB,gC,gD,gEg
Socioeconomicgfactorsginfluencegdiseasegdevelopmentgviagexposuregtogenvironmentalgtoxin
sg(occupational)gandgovercrowding,gnutritiong(over-
gorgundernutrition),gandghygieneg(e.g.,gingdevelopinggcountries).gGeneticsgisgnotginfluencedg
bygsocioeconomicgfactors.g
g
TRUE/FALSEg
1. Whengthegcausegisgunknown,gagconditiongisgsaidgtogbegidiopathicg
ANS:gTg
Manygdiseasesgaregidiopathicgingnature.g
g
2. Thegnursegisgswabbinggagpatient’sgthroatgtogtestgforgstreptococcalgpharyngitis.gThegnursegmu
stgunderstandgthatgtestsgsuchgasgthisgdiffergingthegprobabilitygthatgtheygwillgbegpositivegforgag
conditiongwhengappliedgtogagpersongwithgthegcondition;gthisgprobabilitygisgtermedgsensitivity
.g
g
ANS:gTg
Thegsensitivitygofganygtestgrefersgtogthegprobabilitygthatgthegtestgwillgbegpositivegwhengapplie
dgtogagpersongwithgthegconditiongandgwillgnotgprovidegagfalsegnegativegresult.gIngcontrast,gsp
ecificitygisgthegprobabilitygthatgagtestgwillgbegnegativegwhengappliedgtogagpersongwhogdoesgn
otghavegaggivengcondition.g
g
Chapterg02:gHomeostasis,gAllostasis,gandgAdaptivegResponsesgtogStressorsg
Banasik:gPathophysiology,g6thgEditiong g
g
gg
MedgCgFileg2022g
g g g
Chapterg01:gIntroductiongtogPathophysiologygBanasik
:g
g
MULTIPLEgCHOICEg
g
1. C.Q.gwasgrecentlygexposedgtoggroupgAghemolyticgStreptococcusgandgsubsequentlygdevelop
edgagpharyngealginfection.gHisgclinicgexaminationgrevealsgangoralgtemperaturegofg102.3 F,g
skingrash,gdysphagia,gandgreddenedgthroatgmucosagwithgmultiplegpustules.gHegcomplainsgof
gsoregthroat,gmalaise,gandgjointgstiffness.gAgthroatgculturegisgpositivegforgStreptococcus,gand
gantibioticsghavegbeengprescribed.gThegetiologygofgC.Q.’sgdiseasegisg
a. agsoregthroat.g
b. streptococcalginfection.g
c. geneticgsusceptibility.g
d. pharyngitis.g
ANS:gBg
Etiologygrefersgtogthegproposedgcausegorgcausesgofgagparticulargdiseasegprocess.gAgsoregthro
atgisgthegmanifestationgofgthegdiseasegprocess.gGeneticgsusceptibilitygrefersgtoginheritedgtend
encygtogdevelopgagdisease.gPharyngitisgrefersgtoginflammationgofgthegthroatgandgisgalsogagcli
nicalgmanifestationgofgthegdiseasegprocess.g
g
2. Ag17-year-oldgcollege-
boundgstudentgreceivesgagvaccinegagainstgangorganismgthatgcausesgmeningitis.gThisgisgange
xamplegofga.gprimarygprevention.g
b. secondarygprevention.g
c. tertiarygprevention.g
d. diseasegtreatment.g
ANS:gAg
gg
MedgCgFileg2022g
, Primarygpreventiongisgpreventiongofgdiseasegbygalteringgsusceptibilitygorgreducinggexposureg
forgsusceptiblegindividualsgbygprovidinggvaccination.gSecondarygpreventiongisgthegearlygdet
ection,gscreening,gandgmanagementgofgthegdisease.gTertiarygpreventiongincludesgrehabilitati
vegandgsupportivegcaregandgattemptsgtogalleviategdisabilitygandgrestoregeffectivegfunctioning.
gDiseasegtreatmentginvolvesgmanagementgofgthegdiseasegoncegitghasgdeveloped.g
g
3. Angobesegbutgotherwiseghealthygteengisggivengagprescriptiongforgaglow-
caloriegdietgandgexercisegprogram.gThisgisgangexamplegofga.gprimarygprevention.g
b. secondarygprevention.g
c. tertiarygprevention.g
d. diseasegtreatment.g
ANS:gBg
Secondarygpreventiongisgthegearlygdetection,gscreening,gandgmanagementgofgthegdiseasegsuc
hg
asgprescribinggdietgandgexercisegforgangindividualgwhoghasgalreadygdevelopedgobesity.gPrim
arygpreventiongisgpreventiongofgdiseasegbygalteringgsusceptibilitygorgreducinggexposuregforgs
usceptiblegindividuals.gTertiarygpreventiongincludesgrehabilitativegandgsupportivegcaregandga
ttemptsgtogalleviategdisabilitygandgrestoregeffectivegfunctioning.gDiseasegtreatmentginvolvesg
managementgofgthegdiseasegoncegitghasgdeveloped.g
4. Agpatientgwithghighgbloodgpressuregwhogisgotherwiseghealthygisgcounseledgtogrestrictgsodiu
mgintake.gThisgisgangexamplegofga.gprimarygprevention.g
b. secondarygprevention.g
c. tertiarygprevention.g
d. diseasegtreatment.g
ANS:gBg
Secondarygpreventiongisgthegearlygdetection,gscreening,gandgmanagementgofgthegdisease,gsuc
hgasgbygprescribinggsodiumgrestrictiongforghighgbloodgpressure.gPrimarygpreventiongisgpreve
ntiongofgdiseasegbygalteringgsusceptibilitygorgreducinggexposuregforgsusceptiblegindividuals.g
Tertiarygpreventiongincludesgrehabilitativegandgsupportivegcaregandgattemptsgtogalleviategdis
abilitygandgrestoregeffectivegfunctioning.gDiseasegtreatmentginvolvesgmanagementgofgthegdis
easegoncegitghasgdeveloped.g
g
5. Aftergsufferinggagheartgattack,gagmiddle-agedgmangisgcounseledgtogtakegagcholesterol-
loweringgmedication.gThisgisgangexamplegofga.gprimarygprevention.g
b. secondarygprevention.g
c. tertiarygprevention.g
d. diseasegtreatment.g
ANS:gCg
Tertiarygpreventiongincludesgrehabilitativegandgsupportivegcaregandgattemptsgtogalleviategdis
abilitygandgrestoregeffectivegfunctioninggsuchgasgprescribinggagcholesterol-
loweringgmedicationgfollowinggagheartgattack.gPrimarygpreventiongisgpreventiongofgdiseaseg
N g
R
bygalteringgsusceptibilitygorgreducingge xpU os u Sre g
Igf NorGgs TuB.Cscepti bOlegin
g g g
dividuals.gSecondarygpreventiongisgthegearlygdetection,gscreening,gandgmanagementgofgthegd
isease.gDiseasegtreatmentginvolvesgmanagementgofgthegdiseasegoncegitghasgdeveloped.g
g
gg
MedgCgFileg2022g
, 6. Agpatientghasgbeengexposedgtogmeningococcalgmeningitis,gbutgisgnotgyetgdemonstratinggsig
nsgofgthisgdisease.gThisgstagegofgillnessgisgcalledgtheg stage.ga.gprodromalg
b. latentg
c. sequelag
d. convalescenceg
ANS:gBg
Incubationgrefersgtogthegintervalgbetweengexposuregofgagtissuegtoganginjuriousgagentgandgtheg
firstgappearancegofgsignsgandgsymptoms.gInginfectiousgdiseases,gthisgperiodgisgoftengcalledgt
hegincubationg(latent)gperiod.gProdromalgrefersgtogthegappearancegofgthegfirstgsignsgandgsym
ptomsgindicatinggthegonsetgofgagdisease.gThesegaregoftengnonspecific,gsuchgasgheadache,gmal
aise,ganorexia,gandgnausea,gwhichgaregassociatedgwithgagnumbergofgdifferentgdiseases.gSeque
lagrefersgtogsubsequentgpathologicgconditiongresultinggfromgagdisease.gConvalescencegisgtheg
stagegofgrecoverygaftergagdisease,ginjury,gorgsurgicalgoperation.g
g
7. Agdiseasegthatgisgnativegtogagparticulargregiongisgcalledg
a. epidemic.g
b. endemic.g
c. pandemic.g
d. ethnographic.g
ANS:gBg
Agdiseasegthatgisgnativegtogagparticulargregiongisgcalledgendemic.gAngepidemicgisgagdiseasegt
hatgspreadsgtogmanygindividualsgatgthegsamegtime.gPandemicsgaregepidemicsgthatgaffectglarg
eggeographicgregions,gperhapsgspreadinggworldwide.g
g
8. Inggeneral,gwithgaging,gorgangsizegandgfunctiong
a. increase.g
b. decrease.g
c. remaingthegsame.g
d. aregunknown.g
ANS:gBg
Inggeneral,gwithgaging,gorgangsizegandgfunctiongdecrease.g
g
9. Thegstagegduringgwhichgthegpatientgfunctionsgnormally,galthoughgthegdiseasegprocessesgareg
wellgestablished,gisgreferredgtogasga.glatent.g
b. subclinical.g
c. prodromal.g
d. convalescence.g
ANS:gBg
Thegstagegduringgwhichgthegpatientgfunctionsgnormally,galthoughgthegdiseasegprocessesgareg
wellgestablished,gisgcalledgthegsubclinicalgstage.gThegintervalgbetweengexposuregofgagtissuegt
oganginjuriousgagentgandgthegfNirUstRapSpIeaNraGnTceBo.fgCsigOnMsgandgsymptom
sgmaygbegcalledgaglatentgperiodgor,gingthegcasegofginfectiousgdiseases,gangincubationgperiod.g
Thegprodromalgperiod,gorgprodrome,grefersgtogthegappearancegofgthegfirstgsignsgandgsympto
msgindicatinggthegonsetgofgagdisease.gConvalescencegisgthegstagegofgrecoverygaftergagdisease,
ginjury,gorgsurgicalgoperation.g
gg
MedgCgFileg2022g
, g
MULTIPLEgRESPONSEg
g
1. Yourgpatient’sgredgbloodgcellgisgslightlygelevatedgtoday.gThisgmightgbegexplainedgbyg(Selec
tgallgthatgapply.)g
a. gendergdifference.g
b. situationalgfactors.g
c. normalgvariation.g
d. culturalgvariation.g
e. illness.g
ANS:gA,gB,gC,gEg
Gender,gsituationsg(e.g.,galtitude),gnormalgvariations,gandgillnessgmaygallgdeterminegredgbloo
dgcellgcount.gCulturegaffectsghowgmanifestationsgaregperceivedg(normalgversusgabnormal).g
g
2. Socioeconomicgfactorsginfluencegdiseasegdevelopmentgbecausegofg(Selectgallgthatgapply.)ga
.ggenetics.g
b. environmentalgtoxins.g
c. overcrowding.g
d. nutrition.g
e. hygiene.g
ANS:gB,gC,gD,gEg
Socioeconomicgfactorsginfluencegdiseasegdevelopmentgviagexposuregtogenvironmentalgtoxin
sg(occupational)gandgovercrowding,gnutritiong(over-
gorgundernutrition),gandghygieneg(e.g.,gingdevelopinggcountries).gGeneticsgisgnotginfluencedg
bygsocioeconomicgfactors.g
g
TRUE/FALSEg
1. Whengthegcausegisgunknown,gagconditiongisgsaidgtogbegidiopathicg
ANS:gTg
Manygdiseasesgaregidiopathicgingnature.g
g
2. Thegnursegisgswabbinggagpatient’sgthroatgtogtestgforgstreptococcalgpharyngitis.gThegnursegmu
stgunderstandgthatgtestsgsuchgasgthisgdiffergingthegprobabilitygthatgtheygwillgbegpositivegforgag
conditiongwhengappliedgtogagpersongwithgthegcondition;gthisgprobabilitygisgtermedgsensitivity
.g
g
ANS:gTg
Thegsensitivitygofganygtestgrefersgtogthegprobabilitygthatgthegtestgwillgbegpositivegwhengapplie
dgtogagpersongwithgthegconditiongandgwillgnotgprovidegagfalsegnegativegresult.gIngcontrast,gsp
ecificitygisgthegprobabilitygthatgagtestgwillgbegnegativegwhengappliedgtogagpersongwhogdoesgn
otghavegaggivengcondition.g
g
Chapterg02:gHomeostasis,gAllostasis,gandgAdaptivegResponsesgtogStressorsg
Banasik:gPathophysiology,g6thgEditiong g
g
gg
MedgCgFileg2022g
