NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1 – 250 Questions on Cellular Adaptation, Fluid & Electrolytes, Immunity & Musculoskeletal Disorders – 2026

This document contains a comprehensive 250-question Exam 1 review for NUR 2063 Pathophysiology, presented in a structured question-and-answer format with expert-verified responses. The content begins with foundational disease concepts including etiology, iatrogenic causes, pathogenesis, homeostasis, benign versus malignant tumors, metastasis, and the three stages of carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, progression). Levels of prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary) and definitions of signs versus symptoms are clearly outlined to reinforce foundational nursing principles. Extensive coverage is provided on cellular physiology and fluid balance, including osmosis, diffusion, isotonic solutions (0.9% NaCl, Lactated Ringer’s), extracellular fluid deficits, dehydration manifestations, hypotension, edema causes (heart failure, kidney failure, liver disease, hypoalbuminemia), and electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia. Normal arterial blood gas values (pH 7.35–7.45, PCO₂ 35–45, HCO₃⁻ 22–26, PO₂ 80–100) are included for acid-base interpretation. The RAAS mechanism, fight-or-flight response, stress hormones (epinephrine, cortisol), and Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) are thoroughly reviewed. The immune and inflammatory sections address active versus passive immunity, immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE), mediators of inflammation (histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins), hypersensitivity reactions Types I–IV, inflammatory markers (ESR, CRP, WBC), bone marrow suppression, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Musculoskeletal and integumentary disorders such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, compartment syndrome (5 P’s), fibromyalgia, muscular dystrophy, herpes zoster, scabies, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, glaucoma, cataracts, and psoriatic arthritis are also included. The material aligns closely with Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children by McCance and Huether, commonly used in undergraduate nursing pathophysiology courses. It emphasizes mechanism-based understanding, laboratory interpretation, immune responses, cellular injury, and system-level disease processes essential for Exam 1 success. This document is particularly relevant for: Students enrolled in NUR 2063 Pathophysiology ADN and BSN pre-licensure nursing students First-year nursing students preparing for Exam 1 Students reviewing fluid, electrolyte, and immune disorders Nursing students strengthening foundational disease mechanism knowledge It serves as a structured, exam-focused study guide designed to reinforce cellular adaptation, fluid and electrolyte balance, immune system responses, inflammatory processes, musculoskeletal pathology, and early oncology concepts tested in foundational pathophysiology exams. Keywords: NUR 2063 exam 1 pathophysiology fundamentals etiology and pathogenesis benign vs malignant tumors stages of carcinogenesis primary secondary tertiary prevention fluid and electrolyte imbalance hyponatremia symptoms hyperkalemia ECG changes hypocalcemia Chvostek Trousseau RAAS mechanism general adaptation syndrome fight or flight response hypersensitivity types I II III IV active vs passive immunity immunoglobulins IgG IgE IgA IgM bone marrow suppression compartment syndrome 5 Ps osteoporosis rheumatoid arthritis ABG normal values