CMN 568 UNIT 4 EXAM 100
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Acute Cystitis - Definition - ANSWER- Infection of the bladder
commonly due to coliform bacteria (e coli) and gram positive
(enterococci)
Acute cystitis symtoms - ANSWER- irritative voiding
suprapubic discomfort
hematuria
Acute cystitis signs - ANSWER- UA - pyuria, bacteriuria, hematuria
Acute cystitis treatment - ANSWER- Uncomplicated in women:
cephalexin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole
Restrictive use of fluoroquinolone
,Refer if - radiographic abnormality evidence of urolithiasis or
recurrent cystitis due to bacterial persistence.
Acute pyelonephritis - definition - ANSWER- Infectious inflammatory
disease of the kidney parenchyma and renal pelvis.
Gram negative bacterial most causative agents - e coli, proteus,
klebsiella, enterobacter, pseudomonas
Acute pyelonephritis - symptoms - ANSWER- fever, flank pain,
shaking chills, irritative voiding symptoms
Acute pyelonephritis - signs - ANSWER- CBC- leukocytosis and a left
shift
UA - pyuria, bacteriuria, hematuria
White cell casts
Renal ultrasound may show hydronephrosis
differentials include acute cystitis or a lower urinary source
Acute pyelonephritis - treatment - ANSWER- Outpatient setting
empiric therapy - ampcilillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin,
trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole
CT or Ultrasound
Catheter or nephrostomy drain
refer - complications, urolithiasis, obstruction
Admit for parenteral antibiotics, complicating factors, sepsis
, Urinary stone disease- patients - ANSWER- Exceeded in frequency as
a urinary tract disorder by infections and prostatic disease
White men more frequently affected
Urinary stone disease - types - ANSWER- Five major types of urinary
stones: calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid, and
cyctine
Most common types are composed of calcium
Geographic factors contribute to the development of stones
Areas of high humidity and elevated temps are contributing factors
Urinary stone disease - risk factors - ANSWER- Sedentary lifestyles
have higher incidence
Higher rates of hypertension, carotid calcification, and CV disease
High protein, salt intake, inadequate hydration appear most
important factors
Sodium intake should be restricted to keep urinary sodium levels
less than 150 meq/day
Urinary stone disease-signs and symptoms - ANSWER- Pain may
occur episodically and radiate anteriorly over the abdomen
Nausea and vomiting
ID on non contrast CT or ultrasound
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Acute Cystitis - Definition - ANSWER- Infection of the bladder
commonly due to coliform bacteria (e coli) and gram positive
(enterococci)
Acute cystitis symtoms - ANSWER- irritative voiding
suprapubic discomfort
hematuria
Acute cystitis signs - ANSWER- UA - pyuria, bacteriuria, hematuria
Acute cystitis treatment - ANSWER- Uncomplicated in women:
cephalexin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole
Restrictive use of fluoroquinolone
,Refer if - radiographic abnormality evidence of urolithiasis or
recurrent cystitis due to bacterial persistence.
Acute pyelonephritis - definition - ANSWER- Infectious inflammatory
disease of the kidney parenchyma and renal pelvis.
Gram negative bacterial most causative agents - e coli, proteus,
klebsiella, enterobacter, pseudomonas
Acute pyelonephritis - symptoms - ANSWER- fever, flank pain,
shaking chills, irritative voiding symptoms
Acute pyelonephritis - signs - ANSWER- CBC- leukocytosis and a left
shift
UA - pyuria, bacteriuria, hematuria
White cell casts
Renal ultrasound may show hydronephrosis
differentials include acute cystitis or a lower urinary source
Acute pyelonephritis - treatment - ANSWER- Outpatient setting
empiric therapy - ampcilillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin,
trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole
CT or Ultrasound
Catheter or nephrostomy drain
refer - complications, urolithiasis, obstruction
Admit for parenteral antibiotics, complicating factors, sepsis
, Urinary stone disease- patients - ANSWER- Exceeded in frequency as
a urinary tract disorder by infections and prostatic disease
White men more frequently affected
Urinary stone disease - types - ANSWER- Five major types of urinary
stones: calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid, and
cyctine
Most common types are composed of calcium
Geographic factors contribute to the development of stones
Areas of high humidity and elevated temps are contributing factors
Urinary stone disease - risk factors - ANSWER- Sedentary lifestyles
have higher incidence
Higher rates of hypertension, carotid calcification, and CV disease
High protein, salt intake, inadequate hydration appear most
important factors
Sodium intake should be restricted to keep urinary sodium levels
less than 150 meq/day
Urinary stone disease-signs and symptoms - ANSWER- Pain may
occur episodically and radiate anteriorly over the abdomen
Nausea and vomiting
ID on non contrast CT or ultrasound
