Chemistry of Life--the molecules
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2 categories: small & large
small molecules & macromolecules
a continuum -- not a sharp distinction
small < 500 daltons ~ 50 atoms
large < 5,000 daltons ~ 500 atoms
The alpha helix
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, Alpha helix 3.6 aa / turn
C=O of residue #1 H-bonds to H-N of residue #5
intra chain H-bonding
Why have non-competitive inhibitors?
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One reason:
Feedback inhibition or
end product inhibition
Diffusion
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can limit rate of reactions. As volume increases
large molecules sometimes can't diffuse fast enough.
aa's & protein identity and structure
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Each & every protein in cell has identity defined by its
sequence of amino acids
E. coli 3 X 106 proteins but only 3,000 different kinds
Each protein contains a polypeptide w/ a particular sequence
of aa's (usually all 20, but not in equal amounts)
No obvious repeat structure or subsequence
(unlike polysaccharides) [there are exceptions]
, Linear arrangement of aa residues is termed the
primary sequence or 1° structure.
All molecules of a particular protein have the same
linear 1° structure.
2nd Law of Themodynamics
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entropy (randomness, disorder) in the universe increases
but biological systems are open so energy can be put
in to create order
change in system entropy = Sproducts - Sreactants
!
ΔS = Sproducts - Sreactants
so if more disorder (entropy) ΔS is positive
if products have less order (more disorder) than
reactants, ΔSrxn > 0
then energy due to gain in entropy can be exploited to
do work
Other Transmissible spongiform enchalopathies (TSE)
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scrapie--sheep, goats; chronic wasting disease--elk, deer; !
Kuru, Alper disease CJDs--humans!
Neurodegenerative brain degeneration "sponge like"!
Cell surface
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2 categories: small & large
small molecules & macromolecules
a continuum -- not a sharp distinction
small < 500 daltons ~ 50 atoms
large < 5,000 daltons ~ 500 atoms
The alpha helix
Give this one a try later!
, Alpha helix 3.6 aa / turn
C=O of residue #1 H-bonds to H-N of residue #5
intra chain H-bonding
Why have non-competitive inhibitors?
Give this one a try later!
One reason:
Feedback inhibition or
end product inhibition
Diffusion
Give this one a try later!
can limit rate of reactions. As volume increases
large molecules sometimes can't diffuse fast enough.
aa's & protein identity and structure
Give this one a try later!
Each & every protein in cell has identity defined by its
sequence of amino acids
E. coli 3 X 106 proteins but only 3,000 different kinds
Each protein contains a polypeptide w/ a particular sequence
of aa's (usually all 20, but not in equal amounts)
No obvious repeat structure or subsequence
(unlike polysaccharides) [there are exceptions]
, Linear arrangement of aa residues is termed the
primary sequence or 1° structure.
All molecules of a particular protein have the same
linear 1° structure.
2nd Law of Themodynamics
Give this one a try later!
entropy (randomness, disorder) in the universe increases
but biological systems are open so energy can be put
in to create order
change in system entropy = Sproducts - Sreactants
!
ΔS = Sproducts - Sreactants
so if more disorder (entropy) ΔS is positive
if products have less order (more disorder) than
reactants, ΔSrxn > 0
then energy due to gain in entropy can be exploited to
do work
Other Transmissible spongiform enchalopathies (TSE)
Give this one a try later!
scrapie--sheep, goats; chronic wasting disease--elk, deer; !
Kuru, Alper disease CJDs--humans!
Neurodegenerative brain degeneration "sponge like"!
Cell surface
