Sylvia Exam Ultimate Endocrinology, Hormones, Diabetes, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pituitary, Pharmacology, Metabolism, and High-Yield Clinical Correlations Guide Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales LATEST UPDATED 2026

Sylvia Exam Ultimate Endocrinology, Hormones, Diabetes, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pituitary, Pharmacology, Metabolism, and High-Yield Clinical Correlations Guide Questions Provided with A+ Graded Rationales LATEST UPDATED 2026 What is holocrine? whole cell is secreted (except sebaceous gland) What is apocrine? Apex of cell is secreted What is merocrine? cell is maintained - exocytosis What is paracrine? Works on it's neighbor (except sweat gland) What is autocrine? Works on itself (except T-cell activation) what does exocrine mean? secreted into a duct what does endocrine mean? secreted into the blood what are the 5 steroid hormones? testosterone estrodiol (E2) progesterone aldosterone cortisol What receptors do steroid hormones use? Nuclear membrane receptors (except cortisol -cytoplasmic receptor) What receptors do protein hormones use? cell membrane receptors what is a lactotrope Prolactin (PRL) What is a corticotrope? ACTH what is a thyrotrope? TSH What is a gonadoptrope? LH & FSH What is a somatotrope? growth hormone (GH) what is karyolysis? nucleus dissolves what is karyorrhexis? nuclear fragmentation what is pyknosis? Nucleus turns into blobs "shrinkage" what is apoptosis programmed cell death no inflammation cell membrane dissolved first nucleus guides death & destroyed last what is necrosis? non-programmed cell death nucleus destroyed first what organs do not require insulin to absorb glucose? "BRICKLE" Brain RBCs Intestines Cardiac/cornea kidneys liver exercising muscle what is the function of GnRH? Release gonadotropes - LH and FSH what is the function of GRH? Stimulates GH release What is the function of CRH? STimulates ACTH release what is the function of TRH? stimulates TSH release what is the function of PRH? Stimulates prolactin (PRL) release What does somatostatin do? Inhibits GH release What does anti-diuretic hormone do? Conserves water via V2 aquaporin receptors & vasoconstriction What does oxytocin do? milk letdown & uterine contractions (baby letdown) What does growth hormone do? 1. stimulates insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) release from the liver 2. stimulates growth 3. sends somatomedin to growth plates 4. Gluconeogenesis by proteolysis What is the function of TSH? Stimulates release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid What are the full names for T3 and T4?