PHIL 333 TEST PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ if the premises are all true, then the conclusion must be true. Answer:
Valid Argument
◉ its premises, even if all true, fail to prove that the conclusion must be
true. Answer: Invalid Argument
◉ If a valid argument has all premises that are true, then it is sound.
Answer: Sound Argument
◉ If an argument contains a false premise, or is logically invalid, or
both. Answer: Unsound Argument
◉ arguments that have a moral claim in the conclusion. if they are to be
valid, they will need at least one premise that contains a moral premise.
Answer: Moral Argument
◉ A mental experiment that is performed through realistic imagination.
Answer: Thought Experiment
,◉ An example that counters the claim or argument. Answer: Counter
Example
◉ Is the endpoint of a process of going back and forth between moral
principles and what they imply about specific cases. Goal is to attain a
state of coherence between moral principles and oru moral beliefs.
Answer: Reflective Equilibrium
◉ the truth of the conclusion is presupposed by one or more premises.
Answer: Circular Argument
◉ Distorting or misrepresenting the opponent's argument/premises to
make their conclusion look weak or unsound. Answer: Straw Man
Fallacy
◉ Presenting fewer options than are actually available, ie. you are either
with us or with the terrorists. Answer: False Dilemma
◉ Refute the opponent's argument by attacking the opponent and not the
argument itself. Answer: Ad Hominem
◉ Normative ethics attempts to determine not what people happen to
believe but what they ought to believe about some ethical issue. Answer:
Normative Ethics
, ◉ Descriptive ethics is the attempt to describe a certain population's
beliefs about some ethical issue. Answer: Descriptive Ethics
◉ The belief that there can be no objective truths in ethics because what
is good and bad is all relative. Answer: Ethical Relativism Definition
◉ 1) their view denies that cultures or people can be mistaken in their
moral judgements since there is no right and wrong.
2) The argument inevitably leads to equating people like Hitler to people
like Ghandi. Answer: Two objectives to Ethical Relativism
◉ 1) the desire to be tolerant of differences between cultures and prevent
cultural imperialism
2) General puzzlement about how ethical claims could be objectively
true, since moral claims are not subject to empirical verification.
Answer: Two arguments for Ethical Relativism
◉ 1) First argument believes that cultural imperialism is wrong, which
contradicts with their initial argument that there is no right and wrong
when it comes to cultural decisions.
2) Even without the empirical verification we can show something to be
true or false. Most importantly, they need rational justification, which
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ if the premises are all true, then the conclusion must be true. Answer:
Valid Argument
◉ its premises, even if all true, fail to prove that the conclusion must be
true. Answer: Invalid Argument
◉ If a valid argument has all premises that are true, then it is sound.
Answer: Sound Argument
◉ If an argument contains a false premise, or is logically invalid, or
both. Answer: Unsound Argument
◉ arguments that have a moral claim in the conclusion. if they are to be
valid, they will need at least one premise that contains a moral premise.
Answer: Moral Argument
◉ A mental experiment that is performed through realistic imagination.
Answer: Thought Experiment
,◉ An example that counters the claim or argument. Answer: Counter
Example
◉ Is the endpoint of a process of going back and forth between moral
principles and what they imply about specific cases. Goal is to attain a
state of coherence between moral principles and oru moral beliefs.
Answer: Reflective Equilibrium
◉ the truth of the conclusion is presupposed by one or more premises.
Answer: Circular Argument
◉ Distorting or misrepresenting the opponent's argument/premises to
make their conclusion look weak or unsound. Answer: Straw Man
Fallacy
◉ Presenting fewer options than are actually available, ie. you are either
with us or with the terrorists. Answer: False Dilemma
◉ Refute the opponent's argument by attacking the opponent and not the
argument itself. Answer: Ad Hominem
◉ Normative ethics attempts to determine not what people happen to
believe but what they ought to believe about some ethical issue. Answer:
Normative Ethics
, ◉ Descriptive ethics is the attempt to describe a certain population's
beliefs about some ethical issue. Answer: Descriptive Ethics
◉ The belief that there can be no objective truths in ethics because what
is good and bad is all relative. Answer: Ethical Relativism Definition
◉ 1) their view denies that cultures or people can be mistaken in their
moral judgements since there is no right and wrong.
2) The argument inevitably leads to equating people like Hitler to people
like Ghandi. Answer: Two objectives to Ethical Relativism
◉ 1) the desire to be tolerant of differences between cultures and prevent
cultural imperialism
2) General puzzlement about how ethical claims could be objectively
true, since moral claims are not subject to empirical verification.
Answer: Two arguments for Ethical Relativism
◉ 1) First argument believes that cultural imperialism is wrong, which
contradicts with their initial argument that there is no right and wrong
when it comes to cultural decisions.
2) Even without the empirical verification we can show something to be
true or false. Most importantly, they need rational justification, which
