NU 545 Unit 1 Exam | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated
(Graded A+)
. What is metabolic absorption?
“All the cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. Cells of the intestine and the kidney are
specialized to carry out absorption. Cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize proteins. Intestinal epithelial cells
reabsorb fluids and synthesize protein enzymes” (McCance
WHAT USES OXYGEN TO REMOVE HYDROGEN ATOMS IN AN OXIDATIVE REACTION?
Peroxisomes (microbodies) which are membrane-bound organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes) contain several oxidative
enzymes such as catalase and urate oxidase. They detoxify compounds and fatty acids
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular auto digestion?
Lysosomal enzymes - that can react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-digestion.
Where is the genetic information contained in the cell?
the nucleolus a small dense structure composed largely of RNA; most of the cellular DNA; and the DNA binding proteins, the
histones, that regulate its activity.
What are the major chemical components of the cell membranes?
Ans: Lipids and Proteins
Explanation: The major chemical components of all cell membranes are lipids and proteins, but the percentage of each varies among
different membranes.
WHAT ALLOWS POTASSIUM TO DIFFUSE IN AND OUT OF CELLS?
The sodium – potassium pump with ATP active transport/ ATPase (Adenosine Triphosphatase)
How is the cell protected from injury?
Plasma membrane functions: Protection, barrier to toxic molecules and
macromolecules [proteins, nucleic acid, polysaccharides]”
IN CIRRHOSIS, WHAT DOES CHOLESTEROL HAVE TO DO WITH THE ERYTHROCYTES?
Affects the cell's ability to transport oxygen . Cholesterol content of red blood cell's plasma membrane increases and interferes with
the cell's ability to transport oxygen.
Platelet-derived growth factor
Secreted by platelets and endothelial cells - Mitotic stimulant for fibroblasts and smooth muscle to multiply and repair damaged
vessel
What is cell communication and how does it occur?
Method that cells use to maintain homeostasis. Regulates their growth and division and their development and organization into
tissues and to coordinate their functions. Occurs through gap junctions, receptors, and they secrete chemicals tat signal to cells some
distance away
What is CHEMICAL SIGNALING?
(Transmission between Neurons)
information is passed between neurons through chemicals called neurotransmitters.
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell?
Passive mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)-does not require energy, down the concentration gradient. Transported by a uniport
mechanism
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across plasma membranes.
Active transport and the sodium-potassium
pump. Three Na+ ions bund to sodium binding
1/10
, sites on the carrier’s inner face. At the same time an energy containing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule produced by the cell’s
mitochondria binds to the carrier. The ATP breaks apart, transferring its stored energy to the carrier. The carrier then changes shape,
releases
the three Na+ ions to the outside of the cell, and attracts two K+ ions to its potassium binding sites. The carrier then returns to its
original shape, releasing the two K+ions and the remnant of the ATP molecule to the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for
another pumping cycle”
What is active transport?
The movement of materials through a cell membrane against a concentration gradient using cellular energy (ATP).
Cytokines
Cytokines are a group of proteins that are secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells, that
regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system.
Do all cells continue to replicate and divide?
All types of cells undergo mitosis during formation of the embryo, but many adult cells, such as
nerve cells, lens cells of the eye, and muscle cells, lost their ability to replicate and divide. The
cells of other tissues, particularly epithelial cells [e.g., of the intestine, lung, skin), divide
When normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells, the process is called?
Metaplasia, is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another. The best example of metaplasia is replacement of normal
columnar
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial [airway] lining by the stratified squamous epithelial cells
The newly formed squamous epithelial cells do not secrete mucus or have cilia,
causing loss of vital protective mechanism
18. What is the relationship between ischemia and ATP?
The sequence of events leading to cell death is commonly decreasedATP production, failure of active transport mechanisms (the Na+
K+ pump), cellular swelling, detachment of ribosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum, cessation of protein synthesis, mitochondrial
swelling as a result of calcium accumulation, vacuolation, leakage of digestive enzymes from lysosomes, auto digestion of
intracellular structures, lysis of the plasma membrane and death.
when does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling?
When there is a reduction in ATP levels this causes the plasma membranes Na/K and Na/C exchange to fail which leads to an
intracellular accumulation of Na and calcium resulting in cellular swelling and diffusion of K out of the cell. Happens in hypoxic
injuries.
What are free radicals in relation to cell damage? Progression of disease?
Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule
unstable. To stabilize it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical bond
formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids. Free radicals are difficult to control
and initiate chain reactions. Emerging data indicate that ROS play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular
alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure.
know all about lead poisoning. how does it cause damage within the cell?
Overall, lead interferes with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, ATPases, and calcium-dependent messengers; increases
intracellular oxidation; and results in cell death by apoptosis
A primary cause of lead’s toxicity is its ability to bind to sulfhydryl groups found on many enzymes.
THE EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME ON INFANTS
2/10
(Graded A+)
. What is metabolic absorption?
“All the cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. Cells of the intestine and the kidney are
specialized to carry out absorption. Cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize proteins. Intestinal epithelial cells
reabsorb fluids and synthesize protein enzymes” (McCance
WHAT USES OXYGEN TO REMOVE HYDROGEN ATOMS IN AN OXIDATIVE REACTION?
Peroxisomes (microbodies) which are membrane-bound organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes) contain several oxidative
enzymes such as catalase and urate oxidase. They detoxify compounds and fatty acids
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular auto digestion?
Lysosomal enzymes - that can react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-digestion.
Where is the genetic information contained in the cell?
the nucleolus a small dense structure composed largely of RNA; most of the cellular DNA; and the DNA binding proteins, the
histones, that regulate its activity.
What are the major chemical components of the cell membranes?
Ans: Lipids and Proteins
Explanation: The major chemical components of all cell membranes are lipids and proteins, but the percentage of each varies among
different membranes.
WHAT ALLOWS POTASSIUM TO DIFFUSE IN AND OUT OF CELLS?
The sodium – potassium pump with ATP active transport/ ATPase (Adenosine Triphosphatase)
How is the cell protected from injury?
Plasma membrane functions: Protection, barrier to toxic molecules and
macromolecules [proteins, nucleic acid, polysaccharides]”
IN CIRRHOSIS, WHAT DOES CHOLESTEROL HAVE TO DO WITH THE ERYTHROCYTES?
Affects the cell's ability to transport oxygen . Cholesterol content of red blood cell's plasma membrane increases and interferes with
the cell's ability to transport oxygen.
Platelet-derived growth factor
Secreted by platelets and endothelial cells - Mitotic stimulant for fibroblasts and smooth muscle to multiply and repair damaged
vessel
What is cell communication and how does it occur?
Method that cells use to maintain homeostasis. Regulates their growth and division and their development and organization into
tissues and to coordinate their functions. Occurs through gap junctions, receptors, and they secrete chemicals tat signal to cells some
distance away
What is CHEMICAL SIGNALING?
(Transmission between Neurons)
information is passed between neurons through chemicals called neurotransmitters.
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell?
Passive mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)-does not require energy, down the concentration gradient. Transported by a uniport
mechanism
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across plasma membranes.
Active transport and the sodium-potassium
pump. Three Na+ ions bund to sodium binding
1/10
, sites on the carrier’s inner face. At the same time an energy containing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule produced by the cell’s
mitochondria binds to the carrier. The ATP breaks apart, transferring its stored energy to the carrier. The carrier then changes shape,
releases
the three Na+ ions to the outside of the cell, and attracts two K+ ions to its potassium binding sites. The carrier then returns to its
original shape, releasing the two K+ions and the remnant of the ATP molecule to the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for
another pumping cycle”
What is active transport?
The movement of materials through a cell membrane against a concentration gradient using cellular energy (ATP).
Cytokines
Cytokines are a group of proteins that are secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells, that
regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system.
Do all cells continue to replicate and divide?
All types of cells undergo mitosis during formation of the embryo, but many adult cells, such as
nerve cells, lens cells of the eye, and muscle cells, lost their ability to replicate and divide. The
cells of other tissues, particularly epithelial cells [e.g., of the intestine, lung, skin), divide
When normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells, the process is called?
Metaplasia, is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another. The best example of metaplasia is replacement of normal
columnar
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial [airway] lining by the stratified squamous epithelial cells
The newly formed squamous epithelial cells do not secrete mucus or have cilia,
causing loss of vital protective mechanism
18. What is the relationship between ischemia and ATP?
The sequence of events leading to cell death is commonly decreasedATP production, failure of active transport mechanisms (the Na+
K+ pump), cellular swelling, detachment of ribosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum, cessation of protein synthesis, mitochondrial
swelling as a result of calcium accumulation, vacuolation, leakage of digestive enzymes from lysosomes, auto digestion of
intracellular structures, lysis of the plasma membrane and death.
when does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling?
When there is a reduction in ATP levels this causes the plasma membranes Na/K and Na/C exchange to fail which leads to an
intracellular accumulation of Na and calcium resulting in cellular swelling and diffusion of K out of the cell. Happens in hypoxic
injuries.
What are free radicals in relation to cell damage? Progression of disease?
Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule
unstable. To stabilize it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical bond
formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids. Free radicals are difficult to control
and initiate chain reactions. Emerging data indicate that ROS play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular
alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure.
know all about lead poisoning. how does it cause damage within the cell?
Overall, lead interferes with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, ATPases, and calcium-dependent messengers; increases
intracellular oxidation; and results in cell death by apoptosis
A primary cause of lead’s toxicity is its ability to bind to sulfhydryl groups found on many enzymes.
THE EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME ON INFANTS
2/10
