Anatomy And Physiology Exam 1;
Chapter 1,3,4, 5... With Correct
Verified And Well Analyzed Answers
Graded A+
Homeostasis
Existence of a stable internal environment. Vital to survival, failure
leads to illnesses and possibly death, all 11 organ systems
contribute, involves regulation of internal environment, and regulated
internal conditions include body temperature, blood pressure, blood
volume, and blood sugar.
Autoregulation
Automatic adjustment of cells, tissue, or organs to a local internal
change
Extrinsic regulation
Regulation by the nervous and endocrine systems. Involves control
on a broader range.
Receptors
Sensors which detect changes in an internal condition that is being
regulated.
Control
Receives signals from receptors, processes information, sends
signals to effector
Effector
Responds to commands of control center, response changes the
regulated parameter in the appropriated direction. Either reduces
,magnitude (negative feedback) or increases magnitude (positive
feedback)
Negative Feedback
Effector(s) act to change the internal condition back to normal.
If internal conditions too high, effectors lower it.
If internal conditions too low, effectors increase it.
Positive Feedback
The effector(s) cause the internal condition to part even farther from
normal range.
If internal conditions too high, effectors respond to higher it.
If internal conditions too low, effectors respond to make it lower.
Must be interrupted at some point, cannot continue.
Examples of negative feedback
Regulation of blood pressure, blood sugar level, and body
temperature.
Examples of positive feedback
Regulation of blood clotting and uterine contractions during labor.
Human cells
The human body is a multicellular organism consisting of several
hundred types of cells
Human cell shape
Varies among different types, may vary in the same cell at different
points in the cell life cycle
Human cell size
Most human cells can only be seen with a microscope. A few (skeletal
muscle cells, neurons) are much larger.
Human cell function
Each type of cell is specialized to perform one or more specific
functions
Potential for replacement
, Following cell death due to disease, injury, normal wear and tear.
Some (liver cells) may be replaced after disease or injury. Some types
of cells (blood cells) are routinely replaced. Others (muscle cells,
nerve cells) are replaced on a very limited basis or not at all.
Basic cell structure
Plasma (cell) membrane: outermost part of the cell, ultra thin
compared to the cell volume.
Functions: separates the inside of the from surrounding extracellular
fluid. Regulates the exchange of substances between the cell and
ECF. Recognizes and responds to substances, such as chemical
signals from other cells in the ECF. Structural support by connecting
to neighboring cells and/or extracellular materials.
Plasma (cell) membrane structure
Consists of a lipid bilayer.
Two layers of phospholipid molecules
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Water attracting heads of the phospholipids face outward on both
sides
Hydrophobic
Water repellant tails of the phospholipids from the interior of the
bilayer
Proteins in the bilayer
Integral proteins span the width of the membrane. Peripheral proteins
are attached to the inner or outer surfaces of the membrane
Anchoring proteins
Attach the membrane to the cytoskeleton of the cell on the inside.
Attach the membrane to extracellular protein fibers or other cells on
the outside.
Recognition proteins
Allow immune system to recognize other cells
Chapter 1,3,4, 5... With Correct
Verified And Well Analyzed Answers
Graded A+
Homeostasis
Existence of a stable internal environment. Vital to survival, failure
leads to illnesses and possibly death, all 11 organ systems
contribute, involves regulation of internal environment, and regulated
internal conditions include body temperature, blood pressure, blood
volume, and blood sugar.
Autoregulation
Automatic adjustment of cells, tissue, or organs to a local internal
change
Extrinsic regulation
Regulation by the nervous and endocrine systems. Involves control
on a broader range.
Receptors
Sensors which detect changes in an internal condition that is being
regulated.
Control
Receives signals from receptors, processes information, sends
signals to effector
Effector
Responds to commands of control center, response changes the
regulated parameter in the appropriated direction. Either reduces
,magnitude (negative feedback) or increases magnitude (positive
feedback)
Negative Feedback
Effector(s) act to change the internal condition back to normal.
If internal conditions too high, effectors lower it.
If internal conditions too low, effectors increase it.
Positive Feedback
The effector(s) cause the internal condition to part even farther from
normal range.
If internal conditions too high, effectors respond to higher it.
If internal conditions too low, effectors respond to make it lower.
Must be interrupted at some point, cannot continue.
Examples of negative feedback
Regulation of blood pressure, blood sugar level, and body
temperature.
Examples of positive feedback
Regulation of blood clotting and uterine contractions during labor.
Human cells
The human body is a multicellular organism consisting of several
hundred types of cells
Human cell shape
Varies among different types, may vary in the same cell at different
points in the cell life cycle
Human cell size
Most human cells can only be seen with a microscope. A few (skeletal
muscle cells, neurons) are much larger.
Human cell function
Each type of cell is specialized to perform one or more specific
functions
Potential for replacement
, Following cell death due to disease, injury, normal wear and tear.
Some (liver cells) may be replaced after disease or injury. Some types
of cells (blood cells) are routinely replaced. Others (muscle cells,
nerve cells) are replaced on a very limited basis or not at all.
Basic cell structure
Plasma (cell) membrane: outermost part of the cell, ultra thin
compared to the cell volume.
Functions: separates the inside of the from surrounding extracellular
fluid. Regulates the exchange of substances between the cell and
ECF. Recognizes and responds to substances, such as chemical
signals from other cells in the ECF. Structural support by connecting
to neighboring cells and/or extracellular materials.
Plasma (cell) membrane structure
Consists of a lipid bilayer.
Two layers of phospholipid molecules
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Water attracting heads of the phospholipids face outward on both
sides
Hydrophobic
Water repellant tails of the phospholipids from the interior of the
bilayer
Proteins in the bilayer
Integral proteins span the width of the membrane. Peripheral proteins
are attached to the inner or outer surfaces of the membrane
Anchoring proteins
Attach the membrane to the cytoskeleton of the cell on the inside.
Attach the membrane to extracellular protein fibers or other cells on
the outside.
Recognition proteins
Allow immune system to recognize other cells
