NU304 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Osmosis
area of low solute concentration to area of high solute
concentration
Diffusion
solutes move from area of higher concentration to one of lower
concentration, NO require energy
Filtration
movement of water, solutes occurs from area of high hydrostatic
pressure to area of low hydrostatic pressure
Active transport: Sodium-potassium pump
Uses energy to move electrolytes from one region to another
Maintains higher concentration of extracellular sodium,
intracellular potassium
What is the role of the kidney's in regulating the body's fuid
volume and and composition?
Regulates ECF volume and osmolality by excreting/retaining
body fluids
Regulates electrolytes by selective retention of electrolytes or
excretion of hydrogen ions
Regulates ECF by excretion or retention of hydrogen ions
Excretion of metabolic wastes or toxic substances
,What is the role of the lungs in regulating the body's fluid
volume and composition?
They remove water (300mL daily)
What does the pituitary gland do to regulate the body's fluid
volume and composition?
Secrete AHD when dehydrated/during blood loss to increase
reabsorption of water.
What does the adrenal cortex do to regulate the body's fluid
volume and composition?
Increases aldosterone to cause sodium and water retention, and
potassium loss
Decreased aldosterone does the opposite
What do the parathyroid glands do to regulate the body's fluid
volume and composition?
Use parathyroid hormone to influence calcium and phosphate
balance
What does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system do to
regulate the body's fluid volume and composition?
Renin goes to the liver and converts a protein into angiotensin I,
ACE converts that into angiotensin II, angiotensin II stimulates
the the adrenal gland to produce aldosterone.
What does the hypothalamus do to regulate body fluid volume
and composition?
During dehydration it secretes AHD to stimulate thirst, and for
kidneys to increase water reabsorption.
, What do the kidneys do to maintain acid-base balance
They excrete/retain hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions (inverse
relationship) to maintain balance
How do the lungs help maintain acid-base balance?
The lungs can either decrease or increase respirations to control
the CO2 in the body
How do the body's chemical buffers maintain acid-base balance?
by removing or release hydrogen ions
The effects of aging on fluid and electrolyte regulation
Decreased cardiac reserve
Imbalance
Fluid deficit --> delirium
Reduced renal function --> slightly elevated serum creatinine
Decrease kidney mass --> Dehydration
Age-related thinning of the skin and loss of strength and
elasticity and muscle mass --> decrease serum creatinine
In Fluid Volume Deficit, which 4 things should you assess
Monitors fluid I&O at least every 8 hours, VS, urine specific
gravity
Decrease in body temperature
ADLs, Ambulation, decrease cognition, Gag reflex
Assess oral mucous membrane moisture, dry mouth or mouth
breathing
Decrease perfusion, low venous pressure --> decrease skin and
tongue turgor
SOLUTIONS
Osmosis
area of low solute concentration to area of high solute
concentration
Diffusion
solutes move from area of higher concentration to one of lower
concentration, NO require energy
Filtration
movement of water, solutes occurs from area of high hydrostatic
pressure to area of low hydrostatic pressure
Active transport: Sodium-potassium pump
Uses energy to move electrolytes from one region to another
Maintains higher concentration of extracellular sodium,
intracellular potassium
What is the role of the kidney's in regulating the body's fuid
volume and and composition?
Regulates ECF volume and osmolality by excreting/retaining
body fluids
Regulates electrolytes by selective retention of electrolytes or
excretion of hydrogen ions
Regulates ECF by excretion or retention of hydrogen ions
Excretion of metabolic wastes or toxic substances
,What is the role of the lungs in regulating the body's fluid
volume and composition?
They remove water (300mL daily)
What does the pituitary gland do to regulate the body's fluid
volume and composition?
Secrete AHD when dehydrated/during blood loss to increase
reabsorption of water.
What does the adrenal cortex do to regulate the body's fluid
volume and composition?
Increases aldosterone to cause sodium and water retention, and
potassium loss
Decreased aldosterone does the opposite
What do the parathyroid glands do to regulate the body's fluid
volume and composition?
Use parathyroid hormone to influence calcium and phosphate
balance
What does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system do to
regulate the body's fluid volume and composition?
Renin goes to the liver and converts a protein into angiotensin I,
ACE converts that into angiotensin II, angiotensin II stimulates
the the adrenal gland to produce aldosterone.
What does the hypothalamus do to regulate body fluid volume
and composition?
During dehydration it secretes AHD to stimulate thirst, and for
kidneys to increase water reabsorption.
, What do the kidneys do to maintain acid-base balance
They excrete/retain hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions (inverse
relationship) to maintain balance
How do the lungs help maintain acid-base balance?
The lungs can either decrease or increase respirations to control
the CO2 in the body
How do the body's chemical buffers maintain acid-base balance?
by removing or release hydrogen ions
The effects of aging on fluid and electrolyte regulation
Decreased cardiac reserve
Imbalance
Fluid deficit --> delirium
Reduced renal function --> slightly elevated serum creatinine
Decrease kidney mass --> Dehydration
Age-related thinning of the skin and loss of strength and
elasticity and muscle mass --> decrease serum creatinine
In Fluid Volume Deficit, which 4 things should you assess
Monitors fluid I&O at least every 8 hours, VS, urine specific
gravity
Decrease in body temperature
ADLs, Ambulation, decrease cognition, Gag reflex
Assess oral mucous membrane moisture, dry mouth or mouth
breathing
Decrease perfusion, low venous pressure --> decrease skin and
tongue turgor
