UTMB 5355 EXAM 2 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BASIC ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ Transcription results in. Answer: mRNA
⩥ RNA polymerase makes. Answer: mRNA
⩥ mRNA. Answer: makes proteins
⩥ RNA polymerase. Answer: binds to DNA
⩥ Transcription factors (TFs). Answer: A regulatory protein that binds to
DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. Can wither activate or
repress expression of genes
⩥ Termination of transcription. Answer: RNA polymerase reaches a
terminator sequence (Stop codon) and detaches from the template
⩥ Translation. Answer: Process by which mRNA is decoded and a
protein is produced. Protein assembly
,⩥ Translation takes place in the. Answer: cytoplasm
⩥ Codon. Answer: A specific sequence of three bases on a strand of
DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a amino acid
⩥ Amino acids are. Answer: building blocks of proteins
⩥ tRNA. Answer: An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter
between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino
acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
⩥ Codons allow. Answer: for DNA and RNA to communicate
⩥ Gene Regulation. Answer: the process of turning genes on and off
⩥ Gene Regulation occurs. Answer: during transcription
⩥ Transcription factors (TFs) determine. Answer: amount of protein
product made
⩥ Nucleotide. Answer: DNA subunit; 1 DNA, 1 phosphate, 1
nitrogenous base
,⩥ Mutation. Answer: permanent change in a DNA /RNA sequence that
affects genetic information
⩥ germline mutation. Answer: happens in germ cells, inheritable, in all
cells
⩥ somatic mutation. Answer: A mutation that occurs in the body cells
from spontaneous development. Cannot be inherited. Acquired
⩥ causes of mutations. Answer: • Incorrect copying of the DNA
sequence/
Environmental
•Exposure
•Spontaneous
⩥ silent mutation. Answer: alters a base but does not change the amino
acid
⩥ DNA is. Answer: master blueprint for human being
⩥ Gene. Answer: the basic unit of inheritance
, ⩥ DNA makes. Answer: proteins
⩥ Chromosomes. Answer: threadlike structures made of DNA molecules
that contain the genes
⩥ 23 pairs of. Answer: chromosomes
⩥ Allele. Answer: variant of a gene
⩥ A cell holds how many alleles of each gene?. Answer: 2, one from
mom and one from dad
⩥ Phenotype. Answer: An organism's physical appearance, or visible
traits. Affected by environment
⩥ Genotype. Answer: genetic makeup of an organism
⩥ locus. Answer: Location of a gene on a chromosome
⩥ Homozygous. Answer: An organism that has two identical alleles for a
trait
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BASIC ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ Transcription results in. Answer: mRNA
⩥ RNA polymerase makes. Answer: mRNA
⩥ mRNA. Answer: makes proteins
⩥ RNA polymerase. Answer: binds to DNA
⩥ Transcription factors (TFs). Answer: A regulatory protein that binds to
DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. Can wither activate or
repress expression of genes
⩥ Termination of transcription. Answer: RNA polymerase reaches a
terminator sequence (Stop codon) and detaches from the template
⩥ Translation. Answer: Process by which mRNA is decoded and a
protein is produced. Protein assembly
,⩥ Translation takes place in the. Answer: cytoplasm
⩥ Codon. Answer: A specific sequence of three bases on a strand of
DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a amino acid
⩥ Amino acids are. Answer: building blocks of proteins
⩥ tRNA. Answer: An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter
between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino
acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
⩥ Codons allow. Answer: for DNA and RNA to communicate
⩥ Gene Regulation. Answer: the process of turning genes on and off
⩥ Gene Regulation occurs. Answer: during transcription
⩥ Transcription factors (TFs) determine. Answer: amount of protein
product made
⩥ Nucleotide. Answer: DNA subunit; 1 DNA, 1 phosphate, 1
nitrogenous base
,⩥ Mutation. Answer: permanent change in a DNA /RNA sequence that
affects genetic information
⩥ germline mutation. Answer: happens in germ cells, inheritable, in all
cells
⩥ somatic mutation. Answer: A mutation that occurs in the body cells
from spontaneous development. Cannot be inherited. Acquired
⩥ causes of mutations. Answer: • Incorrect copying of the DNA
sequence/
Environmental
•Exposure
•Spontaneous
⩥ silent mutation. Answer: alters a base but does not change the amino
acid
⩥ DNA is. Answer: master blueprint for human being
⩥ Gene. Answer: the basic unit of inheritance
, ⩥ DNA makes. Answer: proteins
⩥ Chromosomes. Answer: threadlike structures made of DNA molecules
that contain the genes
⩥ 23 pairs of. Answer: chromosomes
⩥ Allele. Answer: variant of a gene
⩥ A cell holds how many alleles of each gene?. Answer: 2, one from
mom and one from dad
⩥ Phenotype. Answer: An organism's physical appearance, or visible
traits. Affected by environment
⩥ Genotype. Answer: genetic makeup of an organism
⩥ locus. Answer: Location of a gene on a chromosome
⩥ Homozygous. Answer: An organism that has two identical alleles for a
trait
