GMS 5057 - MEDICAL CELL BIOLOGY - TEST 1 | 309
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Definition of templated polymerization Answer - DNA is split apart and each
strand is used as a template when being replicated or during transcription.
What are regulatory DNA Answer - They are genes that control when, where,
and how much genes are expressed
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that sexually reproduce arise from Answer -
single cell (zygote)
Cell function Answer - interpret hereditary DNA and express information to
coordinate synthesis of molecules that assemble into complex structures that
form more cells.
Monomers of DNA and RNA Answer - Nucleotide
components of a nucleotide Answer - sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
The backbone of a nucleotide has what types of chemical bonds Answer -
covalent
,The nucleotide bases interact with eachother via what types of bonds Answer -
Hydrogen
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Answer - - DNA -> RNA -> Protein
- Genes in DNA and hereditary information is expressed.
What are enzymes Answer - proteins with catalytic sites that catalyze specific
chemical reactions
Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of polysaccharides in bacterial cell walls
Answer - Lysozyme
Main currency for energy in cells Answer - ATP
What structural part of the phospholipid bilayer prevents the passive diffusion
of hydrophilic substances Answer - hydrophobic core
Amphipathic Answer - having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic
region
Liposome Answer - Phospholipid bilayer that forms an aqueous compartment
as a result of phospholipids being submerged into water.
What are the two groups of prokaryotes Answer - Bacteria and Archaea
What are the three branches of the tree of life Answer - Bacteria, Archaea,
Eukarya
,Sequence conservation in rRNA genes among various species including human
suggest what? Answer - life originated from an ancestral cell.
What are three ways that new genes can arise Answer - Intragenic mutation
Gene duplication
DNA segment shuffling
Examples of mutations Answer - nucleotide changes, deletions, and insertions
Horizontal gene transfer Answer - - transfer of DNA between different
organisms (particularly in bacterial species and rarely in eukaryotic species).
Vertical gene transfer Answer - parent to progeny
Gene family Answer - Genes that share related sequences and functions
Largest family of genes Answer - ABC transporters
ABC transporters Answer - - ATP-binding cassette transporters
- Transporters that use ATP as energy to perform various functions.
homologous genes Answer - two or more genes derived from the same
ancestral gene
Orthologs Answer - Homologous genes with a common ancestor in different
species due to a speciation event.
, Paralogs Answer - Homologous genes with a common ancestor in the same
species, usually due to gene duplication and divergence.
Viruses that infect bacterial cells Answer - bacteriophages
Mutant analysis Answer - using mutants to understand how a biological
process normally works
Mitochondrion origin Answer - An ancient eukaryotic precursor cell engulfed a
bacterial cell and became a host for the bacterial cell. A symbiotic relationship
was formed.
Human cells have hybrid genomes including: Answer - Nuclear and
mitochondrial
c-KIT Answer - Cellular receptor tyrosine kinase. Phosphorylates tyrosines on
certain cytosolic proteins. Regulates function and migration of melanocytes in
skin.
Piebaldism Answer - Absence of melanocytes in areas of skin that have less
pigmentation.
What elements make of most mass of cells? Answer - CHON
What types of bonds have the highest strength Answer - Covalent
What types of bonds have the highest specificity Answer - non-covalent
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Definition of templated polymerization Answer - DNA is split apart and each
strand is used as a template when being replicated or during transcription.
What are regulatory DNA Answer - They are genes that control when, where,
and how much genes are expressed
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that sexually reproduce arise from Answer -
single cell (zygote)
Cell function Answer - interpret hereditary DNA and express information to
coordinate synthesis of molecules that assemble into complex structures that
form more cells.
Monomers of DNA and RNA Answer - Nucleotide
components of a nucleotide Answer - sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
The backbone of a nucleotide has what types of chemical bonds Answer -
covalent
,The nucleotide bases interact with eachother via what types of bonds Answer -
Hydrogen
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Answer - - DNA -> RNA -> Protein
- Genes in DNA and hereditary information is expressed.
What are enzymes Answer - proteins with catalytic sites that catalyze specific
chemical reactions
Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of polysaccharides in bacterial cell walls
Answer - Lysozyme
Main currency for energy in cells Answer - ATP
What structural part of the phospholipid bilayer prevents the passive diffusion
of hydrophilic substances Answer - hydrophobic core
Amphipathic Answer - having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic
region
Liposome Answer - Phospholipid bilayer that forms an aqueous compartment
as a result of phospholipids being submerged into water.
What are the two groups of prokaryotes Answer - Bacteria and Archaea
What are the three branches of the tree of life Answer - Bacteria, Archaea,
Eukarya
,Sequence conservation in rRNA genes among various species including human
suggest what? Answer - life originated from an ancestral cell.
What are three ways that new genes can arise Answer - Intragenic mutation
Gene duplication
DNA segment shuffling
Examples of mutations Answer - nucleotide changes, deletions, and insertions
Horizontal gene transfer Answer - - transfer of DNA between different
organisms (particularly in bacterial species and rarely in eukaryotic species).
Vertical gene transfer Answer - parent to progeny
Gene family Answer - Genes that share related sequences and functions
Largest family of genes Answer - ABC transporters
ABC transporters Answer - - ATP-binding cassette transporters
- Transporters that use ATP as energy to perform various functions.
homologous genes Answer - two or more genes derived from the same
ancestral gene
Orthologs Answer - Homologous genes with a common ancestor in different
species due to a speciation event.
, Paralogs Answer - Homologous genes with a common ancestor in the same
species, usually due to gene duplication and divergence.
Viruses that infect bacterial cells Answer - bacteriophages
Mutant analysis Answer - using mutants to understand how a biological
process normally works
Mitochondrion origin Answer - An ancient eukaryotic precursor cell engulfed a
bacterial cell and became a host for the bacterial cell. A symbiotic relationship
was formed.
Human cells have hybrid genomes including: Answer - Nuclear and
mitochondrial
c-KIT Answer - Cellular receptor tyrosine kinase. Phosphorylates tyrosines on
certain cytosolic proteins. Regulates function and migration of melanocytes in
skin.
Piebaldism Answer - Absence of melanocytes in areas of skin that have less
pigmentation.
What elements make of most mass of cells? Answer - CHON
What types of bonds have the highest strength Answer - Covalent
What types of bonds have the highest specificity Answer - non-covalent
