Iowa State Bio 212 Exam 3 Questions
and Answers 2026.
autocrine signals - Answer act on the same cell that secretes them
paracrine signals - Answer diffuse to and affect nearby cells
endocrine signals - Answer hormones carried between distant cells by blood or other bodily
fluids
neural signals - Answer diffuse a short distance between neurons
neuroendocrine signals (neurohormones) - Answer hormones released from neurons
negative feedback - Answer response in which the product of a process inhibits its
production
positive feedback - Answer response in which the product of a process stimulates its
production
endocrine glands - Answer organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
exocrine glands - Answer organs that secretes some substance through a duct into a space
other than the circulatory system
hormone receptors - Answer protein to which a hormone binds to either inside the cell or
attached to the cell
growth hormone - Answer peptide hormone that promotes lengthening of the long bones in
children and muscle growth, tissue repair, and lactation in adult
epinephrine - Answer hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal medulla that triggers
the flight-or-fight response
cortisol - Answer hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex that mediates the
body's long-term stress response
, hormone-response element - Answer specific sequence in DNA to which a hormone-
receptor complex can bind and affect gene transcription
signal transduction - Answer process by which a stimulus (ex. hormone or neurotransmitter)
outside a cell is converted to an intracellular required for a cellular response
second messenger - Answer nonprotein signaling molecule that increases in concentration
within a cell in response to a signaling molecule that binds to the surface of the cell
phosphorylase - Answer enzyme that breaks down glycogen by catalyzing hydrolysis of the
alpha-glycosidic linkages between glucose molecules
Cyclic AMP - Answer a small molecule, derived from ATP, that is widely used by cells in signal
transduction and transcriptional control
Signal transduction cascade - Answer enzyme-catalyzed phosphorylation reactions
commonly used in signal transduction pathways to amplify and convey a signal inward from the
plasma membrane
Fight-or-flight response - Answer rapid physiological changes that prepare the body for
emergencies. Includesincreased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and decreased digestion
Glucocorticoid - Answer any steroid hormone, produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex,
that increases blood glucose concentration and mediate the body's long-term stress response
Homeostasis - Answer the maintenance of relatively constant physical and chemical
conditions inside the body
Hormones - Answer information-carrying molecules that are secreted by plant and animal
cells into bodily fluids and act on distant target cells
Signal Receptor - Answer a protein that changes its shape and activity after binding to a
signaling molecule
G proteins - Answer various proteins that lead to production of second messenger or
initiation of a phosphorylation cascade
Second messenger - Answer small, nonprotein signaling molecule or ion that elicits an
intracellular response to the first messenger
and Answers 2026.
autocrine signals - Answer act on the same cell that secretes them
paracrine signals - Answer diffuse to and affect nearby cells
endocrine signals - Answer hormones carried between distant cells by blood or other bodily
fluids
neural signals - Answer diffuse a short distance between neurons
neuroendocrine signals (neurohormones) - Answer hormones released from neurons
negative feedback - Answer response in which the product of a process inhibits its
production
positive feedback - Answer response in which the product of a process stimulates its
production
endocrine glands - Answer organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
exocrine glands - Answer organs that secretes some substance through a duct into a space
other than the circulatory system
hormone receptors - Answer protein to which a hormone binds to either inside the cell or
attached to the cell
growth hormone - Answer peptide hormone that promotes lengthening of the long bones in
children and muscle growth, tissue repair, and lactation in adult
epinephrine - Answer hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal medulla that triggers
the flight-or-fight response
cortisol - Answer hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex that mediates the
body's long-term stress response
, hormone-response element - Answer specific sequence in DNA to which a hormone-
receptor complex can bind and affect gene transcription
signal transduction - Answer process by which a stimulus (ex. hormone or neurotransmitter)
outside a cell is converted to an intracellular required for a cellular response
second messenger - Answer nonprotein signaling molecule that increases in concentration
within a cell in response to a signaling molecule that binds to the surface of the cell
phosphorylase - Answer enzyme that breaks down glycogen by catalyzing hydrolysis of the
alpha-glycosidic linkages between glucose molecules
Cyclic AMP - Answer a small molecule, derived from ATP, that is widely used by cells in signal
transduction and transcriptional control
Signal transduction cascade - Answer enzyme-catalyzed phosphorylation reactions
commonly used in signal transduction pathways to amplify and convey a signal inward from the
plasma membrane
Fight-or-flight response - Answer rapid physiological changes that prepare the body for
emergencies. Includesincreased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and decreased digestion
Glucocorticoid - Answer any steroid hormone, produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex,
that increases blood glucose concentration and mediate the body's long-term stress response
Homeostasis - Answer the maintenance of relatively constant physical and chemical
conditions inside the body
Hormones - Answer information-carrying molecules that are secreted by plant and animal
cells into bodily fluids and act on distant target cells
Signal Receptor - Answer a protein that changes its shape and activity after binding to a
signaling molecule
G proteins - Answer various proteins that lead to production of second messenger or
initiation of a phosphorylation cascade
Second messenger - Answer small, nonprotein signaling molecule or ion that elicits an
intracellular response to the first messenger
