BIO 2100 Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions
*LO: Describe the flow of energy and recycling of chemicals
between photosynthesis and cellular respiration, noting the
overall change in oxidation state of carbon in these processes
Correct Answers Photosynthesis produces O2 and organic
molecules, which are used as the reactants for cell respiration,
which produces CO2 and H20, which is used as reactants in
photosynthesis (with light). Light/heat energy flows through
photosynthesis and cell respiration, but chemicals recycle
between the processes.
Overall chemical change in photosynthesis is the reverse of the
chemical change in cellular respiration. Not simply reverse
process, though.
*LO: Describe the principle of signal transduction and how it
occurs in receptor tyrosine kinase and G-protein coupled
receptor signaling Correct Answers Transduction pathways are
chains of molecular interactions that lead to a particular
response within the cell. (Domino effect). Transduction
pathways can include phosphorylation cascades and second
messengers such as cyclic AMP and Ca2+
*LO: Recognize components of cell signaling pathways
(receptors, ligands, adapters, second messengers) Correct
Answers Receptors receive signal from ligands, which are
molecules that bind to receptors/other molecules. Second
messengers are small molecules/ions that relay signals from
receptors. Adapters are a double-stranded, chemically
synthesised oligonucleotide that is used for the ligation of DNA
,Alcohol Fermentation Correct Answers Pyruvate converted to
ethanol in two steps.
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl
alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2.
NAD+ can then be reused in the process again.
Anaphase Correct Answers 3rd stage the sister chromatids
separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of
the cell. The protein "glue" that holds the sister chromatids
together is broken down, allowing them to separate. Each is now
its own chromosome.
ATP Synthase Correct Answers Enzyme protein complex that
uses the energy of an existing ion gradient to power ATP
synthesis. The power source for ATP synthase is a difference in
the concentration of H+ (a pH difference) on opposite sides of
the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Autocrine signaling Correct Answers (Talk to self)Cells
respond to signaling substances that they themselves secrete
Calvin Cycle Correct Answers The second of two major stages
in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving
fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon
into carbohydrate.
Function: create three-carbon sugars, which can then be used to
build other sugars such as glucose, starch, and cellulose that is
used by plants as a structural building material.
Occurs in the stroma - the inner space in the chloroplast.
, Inputs: ATP, NADPH, CO2
Outputs: ADP, NADP+, G3P
Carbon fixation Correct Answers The initial incorporation of
carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an
autotrophic organism.
Chemiosmosis Correct Answers An energy-coupling
mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion
gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the
synthesis of ATP.
Hydrogen ion gradient is formed through ETC, and hydrogens
then give off energy flowing through ATP synthase to create
ATP.
Chloroplast Correct Answers Eukaryotic organelle that absorbs
energy from sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic
compounds from CO2 and H2O.
Cyclic AMP Correct Answers A common chemical signal that
serves as a second messenger in many eukaryotic cells. Created
during GPCR by adenyl cyclase, and can then broadcast signal
to cytoplasm. Does not persist for long because
phosphodiesterase coverts cAMP to AMP
Cytokinesis Correct Answers division of the cytoplasm to form
two separate daughter cells
*LO: Describe the flow of energy and recycling of chemicals
between photosynthesis and cellular respiration, noting the
overall change in oxidation state of carbon in these processes
Correct Answers Photosynthesis produces O2 and organic
molecules, which are used as the reactants for cell respiration,
which produces CO2 and H20, which is used as reactants in
photosynthesis (with light). Light/heat energy flows through
photosynthesis and cell respiration, but chemicals recycle
between the processes.
Overall chemical change in photosynthesis is the reverse of the
chemical change in cellular respiration. Not simply reverse
process, though.
*LO: Describe the principle of signal transduction and how it
occurs in receptor tyrosine kinase and G-protein coupled
receptor signaling Correct Answers Transduction pathways are
chains of molecular interactions that lead to a particular
response within the cell. (Domino effect). Transduction
pathways can include phosphorylation cascades and second
messengers such as cyclic AMP and Ca2+
*LO: Recognize components of cell signaling pathways
(receptors, ligands, adapters, second messengers) Correct
Answers Receptors receive signal from ligands, which are
molecules that bind to receptors/other molecules. Second
messengers are small molecules/ions that relay signals from
receptors. Adapters are a double-stranded, chemically
synthesised oligonucleotide that is used for the ligation of DNA
,Alcohol Fermentation Correct Answers Pyruvate converted to
ethanol in two steps.
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl
alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2.
NAD+ can then be reused in the process again.
Anaphase Correct Answers 3rd stage the sister chromatids
separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of
the cell. The protein "glue" that holds the sister chromatids
together is broken down, allowing them to separate. Each is now
its own chromosome.
ATP Synthase Correct Answers Enzyme protein complex that
uses the energy of an existing ion gradient to power ATP
synthesis. The power source for ATP synthase is a difference in
the concentration of H+ (a pH difference) on opposite sides of
the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Autocrine signaling Correct Answers (Talk to self)Cells
respond to signaling substances that they themselves secrete
Calvin Cycle Correct Answers The second of two major stages
in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving
fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon
into carbohydrate.
Function: create three-carbon sugars, which can then be used to
build other sugars such as glucose, starch, and cellulose that is
used by plants as a structural building material.
Occurs in the stroma - the inner space in the chloroplast.
, Inputs: ATP, NADPH, CO2
Outputs: ADP, NADP+, G3P
Carbon fixation Correct Answers The initial incorporation of
carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an
autotrophic organism.
Chemiosmosis Correct Answers An energy-coupling
mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion
gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the
synthesis of ATP.
Hydrogen ion gradient is formed through ETC, and hydrogens
then give off energy flowing through ATP synthase to create
ATP.
Chloroplast Correct Answers Eukaryotic organelle that absorbs
energy from sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic
compounds from CO2 and H2O.
Cyclic AMP Correct Answers A common chemical signal that
serves as a second messenger in many eukaryotic cells. Created
during GPCR by adenyl cyclase, and can then broadcast signal
to cytoplasm. Does not persist for long because
phosphodiesterase coverts cAMP to AMP
Cytokinesis Correct Answers division of the cytoplasm to form
two separate daughter cells
