Biology 2100 Final Exam Questions With Complete
Solutions
3 types of single-stranded RNA genomes in animal viruses
Correct Answers 1. class IV viruses: serve directly as mRNA
and be translated into viral protein immediately after infection
2. class V viruses: RNA genome serves as a template for mRNA
synthesis. the RNA genome is transcribed into complementary
strands of RNA, which function as mRNA templates for
additional synthesis.
3. class VI viruses: retroviruses; equipped with enzyme called
reverse transcriptase, which transcribes an RNA template into
DNA
alternative RNA splicing Correct Answers different mRNA
molecules are produced from the same primary transcript,
depending on what RNA segments are treated as exons/introns ;
regulatory proteins control the choices by binding to regulatory
sequences within the primary transcript
antibiotics Correct Answers powerless against viruses
antisense RNA Correct Answers complementary to mRNA
b-galactosidase Correct Answers catalyzes the metabolism of
lactose to glucose and galactose
bacteriophages/phages Correct Answers viruses that infect
bacteria
,biotechnology Correct Answers the manipulation of organisms
or their components to make useful products
blastula stage/ blastocyst stage Correct Answers stem cells can
be isolated from embryos at this stage
cancer cells frequently have: Correct Answers chromosomes
that have been broken and incorrectly rejoined
point mutation in promoter of porto-oncogene or coding
sequence
CAP Correct Answers a regulatory protein and an activator, a
protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription
capsid Correct Answers protein shell enclosing viral genome;
made of protein subunits called capsomeres
catalytic Correct Answers small number of double-stranded
RNA eliminates all target RNA in the cells
chain-terminating nucleotide analogs Correct Answers get
incorporated into the DNA, but terminate stuff (only
incorporated where C is in template --> makes things with G at
end of string)
cloned animal behavior Correct Answers don't always behave
or look identically (ex: calico cat clone has different patten and
color than her mother because of random x chromosome
inactivation)
, cloning animals Correct Answers nuclear transplantation:
removal of the nucleus from an egg and replacing it with the
nucleus of a differentiated cell
cloning plants Correct Answers differentiated cells taken from
root and incubated in culture medium to grow into clones of the
parent
shows that differentiation doesn't necessarily involve
irreversible changes in the DNA
in plants, mature cells differentiate and give rise to all
specialized cells --> totipotent
cloning using E.Coli Correct Answers - E.Coli is one large
circular molecule of DNA
- E. Coli has plasmids that are replicated separately
- to clone DNA using bacteria, DNA is inserted into a plasmid to
form a recombinant DNA molecule, which contains DNA from
2 different sources. The plasmid is then returned to a bacterial
cell, producing a recombinant bacterium, which divides to form
a population of clones
cloning vector Correct Answers a DNA molecule that can carry
foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there (ex: plasmid)
co-expressed eukaryotic genes are usually ______ Correct
Answers scattered over different chromosomes
constitutive mutant Correct Answers expressed lacZ and lacY
even in the absence of lactose
Solutions
3 types of single-stranded RNA genomes in animal viruses
Correct Answers 1. class IV viruses: serve directly as mRNA
and be translated into viral protein immediately after infection
2. class V viruses: RNA genome serves as a template for mRNA
synthesis. the RNA genome is transcribed into complementary
strands of RNA, which function as mRNA templates for
additional synthesis.
3. class VI viruses: retroviruses; equipped with enzyme called
reverse transcriptase, which transcribes an RNA template into
DNA
alternative RNA splicing Correct Answers different mRNA
molecules are produced from the same primary transcript,
depending on what RNA segments are treated as exons/introns ;
regulatory proteins control the choices by binding to regulatory
sequences within the primary transcript
antibiotics Correct Answers powerless against viruses
antisense RNA Correct Answers complementary to mRNA
b-galactosidase Correct Answers catalyzes the metabolism of
lactose to glucose and galactose
bacteriophages/phages Correct Answers viruses that infect
bacteria
,biotechnology Correct Answers the manipulation of organisms
or their components to make useful products
blastula stage/ blastocyst stage Correct Answers stem cells can
be isolated from embryos at this stage
cancer cells frequently have: Correct Answers chromosomes
that have been broken and incorrectly rejoined
point mutation in promoter of porto-oncogene or coding
sequence
CAP Correct Answers a regulatory protein and an activator, a
protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription
capsid Correct Answers protein shell enclosing viral genome;
made of protein subunits called capsomeres
catalytic Correct Answers small number of double-stranded
RNA eliminates all target RNA in the cells
chain-terminating nucleotide analogs Correct Answers get
incorporated into the DNA, but terminate stuff (only
incorporated where C is in template --> makes things with G at
end of string)
cloned animal behavior Correct Answers don't always behave
or look identically (ex: calico cat clone has different patten and
color than her mother because of random x chromosome
inactivation)
, cloning animals Correct Answers nuclear transplantation:
removal of the nucleus from an egg and replacing it with the
nucleus of a differentiated cell
cloning plants Correct Answers differentiated cells taken from
root and incubated in culture medium to grow into clones of the
parent
shows that differentiation doesn't necessarily involve
irreversible changes in the DNA
in plants, mature cells differentiate and give rise to all
specialized cells --> totipotent
cloning using E.Coli Correct Answers - E.Coli is one large
circular molecule of DNA
- E. Coli has plasmids that are replicated separately
- to clone DNA using bacteria, DNA is inserted into a plasmid to
form a recombinant DNA molecule, which contains DNA from
2 different sources. The plasmid is then returned to a bacterial
cell, producing a recombinant bacterium, which divides to form
a population of clones
cloning vector Correct Answers a DNA molecule that can carry
foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there (ex: plasmid)
co-expressed eukaryotic genes are usually ______ Correct
Answers scattered over different chromosomes
constitutive mutant Correct Answers expressed lacZ and lacY
even in the absence of lactose
