NUR 242 Med/Surg Exam 1
2026 LATEST QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED
A+
,Sequence of inflammation - ANSWERStage 1 - injured tissue and the leukocytes mast cells in this area
secrete histamine, serotonin and kinins that constrict the small veins and dilate the arterioles in the area
of injury. These changes cause redness and warmth to the tissues
Stage 2 - An increased number of circulating neutrophils occurs. Exudate in the form of pus occurs,
containing dead WBC's, necrotic tissue, and fluids that escape from the damaged cells. Thus, you will see
an increase in the neutrophil count
Stage 3 - tissue repair and replacement occur
MIDLINE catheters - ANSWERperipheral IV access
utilized for short -term therapy (4 weeks or less)
the tip of the midline ends in the axillary vein
should not be used to draw labs
DOES NOT require x-ray for placement
complications of PIV
(peripheral IV) Infiltration - ANSWERIV becomes dislodged
fluid leaks from the vein to surrounding tissue
discontinue IV and elevate the extremity
apply ice or heat therapy
vesicant medications can cause extravasation if IV infiltrates
Complication of PIV
phlebitis and thrombophlebitis - ANSWERinflammation of the vein (redness, edema, warmth, pain at
site)
discontinue IV
notify physician for treatment
restart IV in the opposite extremity
Central Line Access Devices - ANSWERAll central line access devices terminate in the superior vena cava
(PICC line, implantable ports, tunneled and non-tunneled catheters, and central lines)
insertion requires informed consent
, need to have a chest x-ray prior to use
PICC line - ANSWERplaced by a PICC certified nurse
used when long-term therapy is needed (up to one year)
always flush with a 10 ml syringe
RN's can remove a PICC line. Have the patient perform the valsalva maneuver, make sure the tip is
intact. If discontinuing due to infection, send the tip of the PICC line to the lab for C&S
Implantable ports - ANSWERsurgically implanted in the right or left chest
canoe used for individuals receiving chemotherapy
huber needle is used to access the port at a 90 degree angle
Complications of central Line Access
Central line associated blood stream infection (CLABI) - ANSWERs/s: localized erythema, tenderness,
fever, drainage
can lead to a systemic infection and sepsis
d/c the central line and culture the tip
tx: ABT and antifungals
prevention: meticulous hand washing
Complications of Central Access Device
Air Embolism - ANSWERBolus of air enters circulation
potentially fatal
s/s: tachycardia, chest pain, dyspnea, and cyanosis
interventions: trapping the air into the R atrium, turn the client to the left side in trendelenberg position
all lines should be primed prior to use and connections secure when not in use
Complications of central line access
Clotted access - ANSWERThe catheter becomes clogged from either the solution being infused or from
insufficient flushing
2026 LATEST QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED
A+
,Sequence of inflammation - ANSWERStage 1 - injured tissue and the leukocytes mast cells in this area
secrete histamine, serotonin and kinins that constrict the small veins and dilate the arterioles in the area
of injury. These changes cause redness and warmth to the tissues
Stage 2 - An increased number of circulating neutrophils occurs. Exudate in the form of pus occurs,
containing dead WBC's, necrotic tissue, and fluids that escape from the damaged cells. Thus, you will see
an increase in the neutrophil count
Stage 3 - tissue repair and replacement occur
MIDLINE catheters - ANSWERperipheral IV access
utilized for short -term therapy (4 weeks or less)
the tip of the midline ends in the axillary vein
should not be used to draw labs
DOES NOT require x-ray for placement
complications of PIV
(peripheral IV) Infiltration - ANSWERIV becomes dislodged
fluid leaks from the vein to surrounding tissue
discontinue IV and elevate the extremity
apply ice or heat therapy
vesicant medications can cause extravasation if IV infiltrates
Complication of PIV
phlebitis and thrombophlebitis - ANSWERinflammation of the vein (redness, edema, warmth, pain at
site)
discontinue IV
notify physician for treatment
restart IV in the opposite extremity
Central Line Access Devices - ANSWERAll central line access devices terminate in the superior vena cava
(PICC line, implantable ports, tunneled and non-tunneled catheters, and central lines)
insertion requires informed consent
, need to have a chest x-ray prior to use
PICC line - ANSWERplaced by a PICC certified nurse
used when long-term therapy is needed (up to one year)
always flush with a 10 ml syringe
RN's can remove a PICC line. Have the patient perform the valsalva maneuver, make sure the tip is
intact. If discontinuing due to infection, send the tip of the PICC line to the lab for C&S
Implantable ports - ANSWERsurgically implanted in the right or left chest
canoe used for individuals receiving chemotherapy
huber needle is used to access the port at a 90 degree angle
Complications of central Line Access
Central line associated blood stream infection (CLABI) - ANSWERs/s: localized erythema, tenderness,
fever, drainage
can lead to a systemic infection and sepsis
d/c the central line and culture the tip
tx: ABT and antifungals
prevention: meticulous hand washing
Complications of Central Access Device
Air Embolism - ANSWERBolus of air enters circulation
potentially fatal
s/s: tachycardia, chest pain, dyspnea, and cyanosis
interventions: trapping the air into the R atrium, turn the client to the left side in trendelenberg position
all lines should be primed prior to use and connections secure when not in use
Complications of central line access
Clotted access - ANSWERThe catheter becomes clogged from either the solution being infused or from
insufficient flushing
