General Biology I - BSC 1010C - Chapter 17: From Gene to
Protein Questions With Complete Solutions
5' cap Correct Answers A modified form of guanine nucleotide
added onto the nucleotide at the 5' end of a pre-mRNA
molecule.
Compare and contrast transcription in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes. Correct Answers Transcription occurs in the
nucleus of a cell in eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription
occurs in the cytoplasm. This allows for the translation of
mRNA when transcription is still in progress.
Describe how ribosomes and various forms of RNA cooperate to
translate mRNA into protein. Correct Answers A molecule of
mRNA is moved through a ribosome, codons are translated into
amino acids. The interpreters are tRNA molecules with a
specific anticodon on the end and a corresponding amino acid on
the other end. tRNA adds its growing amino acids to a
polypeptide chain.
Describe how the translation process is terminated. Correct
Answers The translation process is terminated by the use of
base triplets that act as signals to stop translation. A release
factor binds directly to the stop codon on the A site. The release
factor causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an
amino acid to the polypeptide chain.
Describe how tRNA moves through a ribosome during protein
synthesis. Correct Answers tRNA moves through a ribosome
, with the help of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. The active site
fits only a certain combination of amino acids and tRNA.
Describe the reading frame for the genetic code. How does a
frame shift affect the reading frame? Correct Answers The
reading frame for the genetic code is the triplet grouping of
ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during
polypeptide synthesis. A frame shift affects the molecular
language of cells. It would convey a different message, one that
was not needed at the time, if a frame shift occurs.
Exon Correct Answers A sequence within a primary transcript
that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the
region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed.
Extensive missense mutation Correct Answers A mutation in
which there are insertions and deletions not in a multiple of
three. All nucleotides that are downstream will be improperly
grouped. This usually involves 1 nucleotide-pair deletion.
Frameshift mutation Correct Answers A mutation occurring
when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the
number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in
the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into
codons.
Generally speaking, what is translation? Where does it occur?
Correct Answers Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide
(protein) using the information in the mRNA. It occurs in the
cytoplasm of the cell.
Protein Questions With Complete Solutions
5' cap Correct Answers A modified form of guanine nucleotide
added onto the nucleotide at the 5' end of a pre-mRNA
molecule.
Compare and contrast transcription in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes. Correct Answers Transcription occurs in the
nucleus of a cell in eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription
occurs in the cytoplasm. This allows for the translation of
mRNA when transcription is still in progress.
Describe how ribosomes and various forms of RNA cooperate to
translate mRNA into protein. Correct Answers A molecule of
mRNA is moved through a ribosome, codons are translated into
amino acids. The interpreters are tRNA molecules with a
specific anticodon on the end and a corresponding amino acid on
the other end. tRNA adds its growing amino acids to a
polypeptide chain.
Describe how the translation process is terminated. Correct
Answers The translation process is terminated by the use of
base triplets that act as signals to stop translation. A release
factor binds directly to the stop codon on the A site. The release
factor causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an
amino acid to the polypeptide chain.
Describe how tRNA moves through a ribosome during protein
synthesis. Correct Answers tRNA moves through a ribosome
, with the help of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. The active site
fits only a certain combination of amino acids and tRNA.
Describe the reading frame for the genetic code. How does a
frame shift affect the reading frame? Correct Answers The
reading frame for the genetic code is the triplet grouping of
ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during
polypeptide synthesis. A frame shift affects the molecular
language of cells. It would convey a different message, one that
was not needed at the time, if a frame shift occurs.
Exon Correct Answers A sequence within a primary transcript
that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the
region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed.
Extensive missense mutation Correct Answers A mutation in
which there are insertions and deletions not in a multiple of
three. All nucleotides that are downstream will be improperly
grouped. This usually involves 1 nucleotide-pair deletion.
Frameshift mutation Correct Answers A mutation occurring
when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the
number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in
the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into
codons.
Generally speaking, what is translation? Where does it occur?
Correct Answers Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide
(protein) using the information in the mRNA. It occurs in the
cytoplasm of the cell.
