Carbohydrates, Starch, Dietary Fiber, Salivary
Amylase, Pancreatic Amylase, Lactose
Intolerance, Monosaccharides, Glucose,
Galactose, Fructose, Proteins, Pepsin,
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase,
Aminopeptidase, Lipids, Pancreatic Lipase,
Bile Salts, Chylomicrons Exam Questions
Verified and Provided with A+ Graded
Rationales Latest Updated 2026
3 common carbs in food
sugar
starch
dietary fiber
Where does the digestion of carbs start?
in the mouth with salivary amylase
Where is the digestion of carbs completed?
small intestines with pancreatic amylase
What are the monosaccharides that carbs are broken down into?
glucose
galactose
fructose
How are monosaccharides absorbed?
from lumen → enterocyte:
- secondary active transport across the apical membrane (except fructose uses facilitated
diffusion)
from enterocyte → blood:
- facilitated diffusion across the basal membrane
What can cause lactose intolerance?
1|Page
, 1. deficiency of lactase enzyme
2. defect in monosaccharide transporter
If lactose ends up in the colon, what happens?
If lactose ends up in the colon we know that its not getting appropriately reabsorbed (lactose
intolerance)
Causes:
- lactic acid
- methane
- H2 gas
POSITIVE hydrogen breath test
What test can be used to determine if a food intolerance is present?
hydrogen breath test
- unabsorbed carb gets to the colon and interacts with anaerobic bacteria = produces hydrogen
What breaks down proteins in the stomach?
pepsin
Where does pepsin work?
stomach
- breaks down proteins here
What breaks down proteins in the small intestines?
trypsin
chymotrypsin
Where does trypsin work?
small intestine
- breaks down proteins here
Where does chymotrypsin work?
small intestine
- breaks down proteins here
What breaks down proteins into large peptides?
2|Page
Amylase, Pancreatic Amylase, Lactose
Intolerance, Monosaccharides, Glucose,
Galactose, Fructose, Proteins, Pepsin,
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase,
Aminopeptidase, Lipids, Pancreatic Lipase,
Bile Salts, Chylomicrons Exam Questions
Verified and Provided with A+ Graded
Rationales Latest Updated 2026
3 common carbs in food
sugar
starch
dietary fiber
Where does the digestion of carbs start?
in the mouth with salivary amylase
Where is the digestion of carbs completed?
small intestines with pancreatic amylase
What are the monosaccharides that carbs are broken down into?
glucose
galactose
fructose
How are monosaccharides absorbed?
from lumen → enterocyte:
- secondary active transport across the apical membrane (except fructose uses facilitated
diffusion)
from enterocyte → blood:
- facilitated diffusion across the basal membrane
What can cause lactose intolerance?
1|Page
, 1. deficiency of lactase enzyme
2. defect in monosaccharide transporter
If lactose ends up in the colon, what happens?
If lactose ends up in the colon we know that its not getting appropriately reabsorbed (lactose
intolerance)
Causes:
- lactic acid
- methane
- H2 gas
POSITIVE hydrogen breath test
What test can be used to determine if a food intolerance is present?
hydrogen breath test
- unabsorbed carb gets to the colon and interacts with anaerobic bacteria = produces hydrogen
What breaks down proteins in the stomach?
pepsin
Where does pepsin work?
stomach
- breaks down proteins here
What breaks down proteins in the small intestines?
trypsin
chymotrypsin
Where does trypsin work?
small intestine
- breaks down proteins here
Where does chymotrypsin work?
small intestine
- breaks down proteins here
What breaks down proteins into large peptides?
2|Page
