Pyloric sphincter, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), Enterocytes, Goblet cells, Crypts of Lieberkuhn, Paneth cells, Sphincter of Oddi, Acinar cells, Centroacinar cells, Islets of Langerhans, Insulin (β cells), Glucagon (α

Pyloric sphincter, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), Enterocytes, Goblet cells, Crypts of Lieberkuhn, Paneth cells, Sphincter of Oddi, Acinar cells, Centroacinar cells, Islets of Langerhans, Insulin (β cells), Glucagon (α cells), Somatostatin (δ cells), Ghrelin (ε cells), Bile salts, Kupffer cells, Hepatic portal vein, Conjugated bilirubin Exam Questions Verified and Complete with A+ Graded Rationales LATEST UPDATED 2026 What separates the duodenum and stomach? pyloric sphincter (valve) - acidic chyme passes through here every 3-4 hours Stomach acid in the small intestines induces which GI hormone? secretin - will ↑ HCO3 from pancreas/liver to neutralize the acid What hormone is released in the small intestines to neutralize when too acidic? secretin (↑ HCO3 release/production) How is the small intestines suspended? via mesentery What are on the SI villi that allow for absorption? enterocytes - these guys absorb the absorbable monomers that get passed into the SI What cells are found on SI villi? 1. enterocytes (absorption) 2. goblet cells (mucus for movement/protection) Crypts of Lieberkuhn tubular invaginations located at the base of the intestinal villus (secretion role) Cells: - stem cells (provide source for cells) - paneth cells (alpha-defensins) What do paneth cells secrete? alpha defensins - anti-microbial (pathogen protection) celiac disease hypersensitivity to gluten - altered nutrient absorption due to damage of small intestine surface gluten enteropathy II Gluten activates T-cells that damage the intestinal villi - results in malabsorption Symptoms: - loose, pale, GREASY stools - weight loss - fatigue - malabsorption of iron, folic acid, and B12 enterogastrones hormones that are released by upper intestinal mucosa (duodenum) that INHIBIT gastric motility and secretion - function to slow motility and to neutralize Hormones: Secretin Cholecystokinin (CCK) gastric inhibitory peptide In the duodenum: ↑ acid = ↑ ___________ ↑ FA and amino acids = ↑ _____________ In the duodenum: ↑ acid = ↑ SECRETIN ↑ FA and amino acids = ↑ CCK ↑ ______________ in the duodenum will ↑ Secretin ↑ acid in the duodenum will ↑ secretin ↑ _____________ in the duodenum will ↑ CCK ↑ FA and amino acids in the duodenum will ↑ CCK hyperosmotic solutions in the duodenum will stimulate which enterogasterone? it will stimulate gastric inhibitory peptide enterogastrones __________ gastric motility & secretion INHIBIT gastric motility & secretion What acid level triggers secretin release? 4.0-4.5 - will result in a release of bicarb from liver and pancreas to neutralize What hormone has a minor role in inhibiting gastric acid secretions? GIP (main role is to stimulate insulin release when glucose hyper-osmolarity is detected) CCK stimulates the release of what pancreatic enzymes? trypsin (proteins) chymotrypsin (proteins) carboxypeptidase (proteins) lipase (fat) amylase (sugar) ribonuclease (RNA) deoxyribonuclease (DNA) What cells make CCK? I cells - secrete CC