Comprehensive Pharmacology Mastery: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Drug Metabolism, Absorption, Distribution, Elimination, Bioavailability, Volume of Distribution, Half-Life, First & Zero-Order Kinetics, CYP450 Interactions, Phase I & II Metabolism,

Comprehensive Pharmacology Mastery: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Drug Metabolism, Absorption, Distribution, Elimination, Bioavailability, Volume of Distribution, Half-Life, First & Zero-Order Kinetics, CYP450 Interactions, Phase I & II Metabolism, Steady-State Principles, Drug Tolerance & Dependence, Agonists & Antagonists, Receptor Sensitivity, Therapeutic Index, EC50/TD50, Drug Toxicity, First-Pass Effect, Parenteral vs Enteral Delivery, Ionization & Trapping, CNS & Renal Barriers, Clinical Drug Monitoring, High-Yield Mechanisms of Action, Adverse Effects, Drug Interactions, and Special Populations Exam Questions Verified and Complete with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Pharmacokinetics what the body does to the drug - how is it metabolized? pharmacodynamics what the drug does to the body - is it effective? Is it toxic? What are the 4 stages of pharmacokinetics? absorption distribution metabolism excretion What drugs have no absorptive phase? IV - bolus = rapid injection - continuous IV infusion - intermittent (PARENTERAL - bypass the harsh gut entirely) Which drug types are parenteral? IV drugs - bypass the harsh gut, 100% bioavailability with rapid onset Subcutaneous, intradermal & intramuscular - bypass gut but have an absorptive phase, so will take longer to work Which enteral drugs do not undergo first pass effects? buccal sublingual ***bypass harsh GI environment ***bypass first pass through liver Which enteral drugs undergo first pass elimination? ORAL DRUGS ***hence why oral drugs will need a higher dosage than IV drugs What factors affect drug bioavailability? - first pass metabolism (EX: oral drugs = ↑ dosage) - solubility/absorbability - stability of drug - formulation of drug delivery Drugs and ionization drugs DO NOT like to be ionized (charged) - they get trapped when they are ionized What type of drug is able to feely distribute through out the body? UNBOUND drugs uncharged drugs = charged drugs = uncharged = able to diffuse charged = trapped What happens to an acidic drug in a basic medium? Acidic drug will lose an H+ (IONIZED) ****BECOMES TRAPPED in medium (pH pka) What happens to a basic drug in an acidic medium? Basic drug will gain an H+ (IONIZED) ******BECOMES TRAPPED in medium (pH pka) Two barriers to organs that we need to know: 1. Blood brain barrier - tightly regulated via tight junctions **only small lipophilic molecules can pass 2. Renal Tubules - only lipophilic or non-ionized drugs can be passively reabsorbed What kind of molecules can pass the blood brain barrier? lipophilic What kind of molecules can be passively reabsorbed through renal tubules? lipophilic and non-ionized What type of molecules have low distribution? lipophobic high protein binding hydrophilic large molecular weight (stay in the blood/plasma, do not go into tissues) Volume of distribution (HY) theoretic volume that drug occupies in the body VD = dose / Cmax Vd = ( _________/ _________) VD = dose / Cmax