Python

Python Introduction – Python is an easy programming language used to communicate with computers. Features of Python – Python is simple, readable, and works on many platforms. Applications of Python – Python is used for websites, AI, data analysis, games, and automation. Print Statement – print() is used to display output on the screen. Comments – Comments are notes in code that Python ignores. Variables – Variables are containers used to store data values. Naming Rules for Variables – Variable names must follow rules like starting with a letter and having no special symbols. Data Types – Data types define the kind of value stored, like int, float, string, or boolean. Type Conversion – Type conversion changes one data type into another. Input from User – input() is used to take data from the user. Output Formatting – Output formatting helps display results in a clear and readable way. Arithmetic Operators – Arithmetic operators perform mathematical operations like addition and subtraction. Comparison Operators – Comparison operators compare two values and return True or False. Logical Operators – Logical operators combine multiple conditions. Assignment Operators – Assignment operators assign or update variable values. If Statement – If statement checks a condition and runs code if it is true. If–Else Statement – If–else runs one block if true and another if false. If–Elif–Else Ladder – It checks multiple conditions one by one. Nested If – Nested if is an if statement inside another if statement. For Loop – For loop repeats code a fixed number of times. While Loop – While loop repeats code as long as a condition is true. Nested Loops – Nested loops are loops placed inside another loop. Break Statement – Break stops a loop immediately. Continue Statement – Continue skips the current loop iteration. Pass Statement – Pass is a placeholder that does nothing. Strings – Strings are text values written inside quotes. String Indexing – String indexing accesses characters using position numbers. String Slicing – String slicing extracts part of a string. String Methods – String methods are built-in functions used to modify strings. Lists – Lists are ordered and changeable collections of items. List Indexing – List indexing accesses items using position numbers. List Slicing – List slicing extracts a portion of a list. List Methods – List methods are built-in functions like append and remove. Tuples – Tuples are ordered collections that cannot be changed. Tuple Characteristics – Tuples are immutable and use parentheses. Sets – Sets are unordered collections of unique values. Set Operations – Set operations perform union, intersection, and difference. Dictionaries – Dictionaries store data in key–value pairs. Dictionary Methods – Dictionary methods help access and modify key–value data. Functions – Functions are reusable blocks of code. Function Parameters and Arguments – Parameters receive values and arguments pass values to functions. Return Statement – Return sends a value back from a function. Scope of Variables – Scope defines where a variable can be used. Lambda Functions – Lambda functions are small one-line anonymous functions. Exception Handling – Exception handling prevents program crashes due to errors. Modules – Modules are files containing reusable Python code. Import Statement – Import is used to include a module in a program. Built-in Modules – Built-in modules like math and random provide ready-made functions. File Handling – File handling is used to read, write, or modify files. Object-Oriented Programming Basics – OOP is a way of programming using classes and objects. Class – A class is a blueprint for creating objects. Object – An object is an instance of a class. Constructor (init) – A constructor initializes object values when it is created. Instance Variables – Instance variables store data specific to an object. Methods – Methods are functions defined inside a class.