2026 Exam Questions and
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Formula sheet - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Balance Sheet Identity Total Assets =
Total Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity
Net Working Capital (NWC) = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
,Financial Cash Flow Identity CF from Assets = CF to Creditors + CF to
Stockholders
Financial Cash Flow is also defined as OCF - Capital Spending - Additions
to NWC
Operating Cash Flow (OCF) EBIT + Depreciation & Amortization - Taxes
Capital Spending (CapEx) (Ending net Fixed Assets - Beginning net Fixed
Assets) + Depreciation
Additions to NWC Most Recent Year's NWC minus Previous Year's NWC
Each Year's NWC equals (Current Assets minus Current Liabilities)
Note: All calculations will be as per the book formulas so if you follow those
the positive versus negative issue is as defined in the book. Keep in mind,
,for example, if the firm acquires more new assets then it sells, this means
the firm "spent" money (used cash) for this component of its cash flow
calculation.
Cash Flow to Creditors Interest Paid minus Net New Borrowing
Net New Borrowing (Ending Long-Term Debt) minus (Beginning Long-term
Debt)
Cash Flow to Stockholders Dividends Paid minus Net New Equity
Net New Equity (Ending Common Stock) minus (Beginning Common
Stock)
Remember the change in retained earnings is not part of calculating Net
New Equity!
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, 𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒/𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 =𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒/𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 × 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠× 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 /𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 PM TAT EM
Pm= 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒/𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
TAT= 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
EM = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 /𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝑂𝐴= 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒/𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 =𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 × 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
Capital Intensity Ratio = 1/(TAT) ROE = ROA x EM
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =(𝑇𝐴−𝑇𝐸)𝑇𝐴 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =𝑇𝐷𝑇𝐸 𝐸𝑀 =𝑇𝐴𝑇𝐸 =1+
𝑇𝐷 𝑇𝐸⁄