PNH Oncology Final Exam Questions
and All Correct Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
stages of cancer development - Answer 1. initiation: mutation of cell DNA from genetics or
carcinogen causing neoplastic cells
2. promotion: latency period where mutation can be reversed before growth
3. progression: tumor growth and metastasis at the individual rate and pathway
critical mass - Answer the point a cancer becomes clinically relevant
nursing ca prevention and detection - Answer EDUCATION
- inform and reduce carcinogen exposure
- balanced diet contain fresh plants, omega 3 fatty acid, fiber
- exercise min 30m x5/week
- limit alcohol to 2/week
- regulariy examine self to know your body
- follow applicable cancer screening guidelines
- know seven warning signs of cancer
seven warning signs of cancer - Answer C - change of bladder habbit
A - a sore that wont heal
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - thickening or lump
I - indigestion or dysphagia
O - obvious change in wart or mole (ABCDE)
N - nagging cough or hoarseness
how does malignant cancer feel vs benign - Answer malignant: firm, immobile
benign: soft, squishy, move freely
biopsy if the most definitive means of ca diagnosis, what are the different types of biopsy? -
Answer 1. needle: large bore needle is inserted and removes tissue
2. incisional: scalpel or dermal punch removes tissue, usually external skin lesions
, 3. excisional: remove entire mass. usually used for small (<2cm), skin lesion, intestinal polyps,
and breast tumor
how does surgery treat cancer - Answer Diagnostic biopsy
Clinical staging to determine treatment
Curative removal
Reconstruction
Palliative to relieve pain, obstruction, or stop bleeding
Supportive care like feeding tube, catheter, debulking tumor, colonostomy
what cancers can Chemo cure - Answer Burkitt's lymphoma
wilms tumor
neuroblastoma
acute lymphocytic leukemia
Hodgkin's disease
testicular cancer
cancers that chemo can control - Answer Breast cancer
Non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
Ovarian Cancer
palliation chemo goals - Answer relieve pain
relieve obstruction
improve the sense of well-being
what are the two types of chemo - Answer 1. non-phase-specific
effects cells during replication, proliferation, and G0 (resting)
2. phase-specific
effects cells in process of replication or proliferation (G1, S1, G2, or M)
usualy used in combo
factors determining cell response to chemo - Answer Tumor cell mitosis rate
size of tumor
and All Correct Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
stages of cancer development - Answer 1. initiation: mutation of cell DNA from genetics or
carcinogen causing neoplastic cells
2. promotion: latency period where mutation can be reversed before growth
3. progression: tumor growth and metastasis at the individual rate and pathway
critical mass - Answer the point a cancer becomes clinically relevant
nursing ca prevention and detection - Answer EDUCATION
- inform and reduce carcinogen exposure
- balanced diet contain fresh plants, omega 3 fatty acid, fiber
- exercise min 30m x5/week
- limit alcohol to 2/week
- regulariy examine self to know your body
- follow applicable cancer screening guidelines
- know seven warning signs of cancer
seven warning signs of cancer - Answer C - change of bladder habbit
A - a sore that wont heal
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - thickening or lump
I - indigestion or dysphagia
O - obvious change in wart or mole (ABCDE)
N - nagging cough or hoarseness
how does malignant cancer feel vs benign - Answer malignant: firm, immobile
benign: soft, squishy, move freely
biopsy if the most definitive means of ca diagnosis, what are the different types of biopsy? -
Answer 1. needle: large bore needle is inserted and removes tissue
2. incisional: scalpel or dermal punch removes tissue, usually external skin lesions
, 3. excisional: remove entire mass. usually used for small (<2cm), skin lesion, intestinal polyps,
and breast tumor
how does surgery treat cancer - Answer Diagnostic biopsy
Clinical staging to determine treatment
Curative removal
Reconstruction
Palliative to relieve pain, obstruction, or stop bleeding
Supportive care like feeding tube, catheter, debulking tumor, colonostomy
what cancers can Chemo cure - Answer Burkitt's lymphoma
wilms tumor
neuroblastoma
acute lymphocytic leukemia
Hodgkin's disease
testicular cancer
cancers that chemo can control - Answer Breast cancer
Non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
Ovarian Cancer
palliation chemo goals - Answer relieve pain
relieve obstruction
improve the sense of well-being
what are the two types of chemo - Answer 1. non-phase-specific
effects cells during replication, proliferation, and G0 (resting)
2. phase-specific
effects cells in process of replication or proliferation (G1, S1, G2, or M)
usualy used in combo
factors determining cell response to chemo - Answer Tumor cell mitosis rate
size of tumor
