HSC - Stage 6 2 Unit Biology
HSC Module 6
Genetic change
Part 2 and 3
1
,HSC - Stage 6 2 Unit Biology
Module 6: Genetic Change
Content
Mutation
Inquiry question: How does mutation introduce new alleles into a population?
Students:
● explain how a range of mutagens operate, including but not limited to:
– electromagnetic radiation sources
– chemicals
– naturally occurring mutagens
● compare the causes, processes and effects of different types of mutation, including but not limited to:
– point mutation
– chromosomal mutation
● distinguish between somatic mutations and germ-line mutations and their effect on an organism (ACSBL082, ACSBL083)
● assess the significance of ‘coding’ and ‘non-coding’ DNA segments in the process of mutation (ACSBL078)
● investigate the causes of genetic variation relating to the processes of fertilisation, meiosis and mutation (ACSBL078)
● evaluate the effect of mutation, gene flow and genetic drift on the gene pool of populations (ACSBL091, ACSBL092)
Biotechnology
Inquiry question: How do genetic techniques affect Earth’s biodiversity?
Students:
● investigate the uses and applications of biotechnology (past, present and future), including: (ACSBL087)
– analysing the social implications and ethical uses of biotechnology, including plant and animal examples
– researching future directions of the use of biotechnology
– evaluating the potential benefits for society of research using genetic technologies
– evaluating the changes to the Earth’s biodiversity due to genetic techniques
Genetic Technologies
Inquiry question: Does artificial manipulation of DNA have the potential to change populations forever?
Students:
● investigate the uses and advantages of current genetic technologies that induce genetic change
● compare the processes and outcomes of reproductive technologies, including but not limited to:
– artificial insemination
– artificial pollination
● investigate and assess the effectiveness of cloning, including but not limited to:
– whole organism cloning
– gene cloning
● describe techniques and applications used in recombinant DNA technology, for example:
– the development of transgenic organisms in agricultural and medical applications (ACSBL087)
● evaluate the benefits of using genetic technologies in agricultural, medical and industrial applications (ACSBL086)
● evaluate the effect on biodiversity of using biotechnology in agriculture
● interpret a range of secondary sources to assess the influence of social, economic and cultural contexts on a range of biotechnologies
2
,HSC - Stage 6 2 Unit Biology
Biotechnology
Inquiry question: How do genetic techniques affect Earth’s biodiversity?
Students:
● investigate the uses and applications of biotechnology (past, present and future), including: (ACSBL087)
– analysing the social implications and ethical uses of biotechnology, including plant and animal examples
– researching future directions of the use of biotechnology
– evaluating the potential benefits for society of research using genetic technologies
– evaluating the changes to the Earth’s biodiversity due to genetic techniques
USES AND APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
• DEFINITION Biotechnology means using living organisms or their products to fulfil human
needs.
PAST APPLICATION- AGRICULTURE
- Over hundreds of years, humans worked to improve the quality and yield of their food,
realising the advantage of selecting seeds from the best crops and breeding the best
quality animals.
- HISTORY- In 1882, William Farrer conducted artificial pollination to improve bread wheat
APPLICATION/PROCESS- FEDERATION WHEAT
1. Wheat has both male and female parts, to artificially pollinate, remove the pollen from
Yandilla Fife-Indian wheat (drought resistant and good baking quality).
2. Use a brush to dust the pollen from the Purple straw (higher yielding variety) wheat
variety onto the Yandilla fife-Indian wheat to Federation wheat.
OUTCOME: Federation where is drought resistant, good baking quality and high yielding.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFe95G_iRjU
3
, HSC - Stage 6 2 Unit Biology
PRESENT APPLICATION-
There are so many examples that can be used for present day application.
1. DNA sequencing- oxford nanopore 4. Gel electrophoresis
2. DNA profiling
3. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 5. Recombinant DNA technology
APPLICATION/PROCESS- PRODUCTION OF GM ATLANTIC SALMON
1. Locate the gene of interest using FISH (fluorescent insitu hybridisation). The gene of interest is
the gene that regulates growth hormone gene in Pacific Chinook Salmon and a promoter
(genetic on/off switch) gene from ocean pout.
2. Restriction enzymes are used to cut both the genes and the plasmid to create complementary
sticky ends.
3. Ligase enzyme cement the genes together
4. Recombinant DNA is inserted back into a bacteria and amplified as the plasmid will replicate
and make copies of itself independently.
5. Recombinant DNA is extracted and delivered through microinjection into a fertilized Atlantic
salmon egg.
OUTCOME: This creates Atlantic salmon fish that increases in size faster with less feed (18
months instead of 3 years).
4
HSC Module 6
Genetic change
Part 2 and 3
1
,HSC - Stage 6 2 Unit Biology
Module 6: Genetic Change
Content
Mutation
Inquiry question: How does mutation introduce new alleles into a population?
Students:
● explain how a range of mutagens operate, including but not limited to:
– electromagnetic radiation sources
– chemicals
– naturally occurring mutagens
● compare the causes, processes and effects of different types of mutation, including but not limited to:
– point mutation
– chromosomal mutation
● distinguish between somatic mutations and germ-line mutations and their effect on an organism (ACSBL082, ACSBL083)
● assess the significance of ‘coding’ and ‘non-coding’ DNA segments in the process of mutation (ACSBL078)
● investigate the causes of genetic variation relating to the processes of fertilisation, meiosis and mutation (ACSBL078)
● evaluate the effect of mutation, gene flow and genetic drift on the gene pool of populations (ACSBL091, ACSBL092)
Biotechnology
Inquiry question: How do genetic techniques affect Earth’s biodiversity?
Students:
● investigate the uses and applications of biotechnology (past, present and future), including: (ACSBL087)
– analysing the social implications and ethical uses of biotechnology, including plant and animal examples
– researching future directions of the use of biotechnology
– evaluating the potential benefits for society of research using genetic technologies
– evaluating the changes to the Earth’s biodiversity due to genetic techniques
Genetic Technologies
Inquiry question: Does artificial manipulation of DNA have the potential to change populations forever?
Students:
● investigate the uses and advantages of current genetic technologies that induce genetic change
● compare the processes and outcomes of reproductive technologies, including but not limited to:
– artificial insemination
– artificial pollination
● investigate and assess the effectiveness of cloning, including but not limited to:
– whole organism cloning
– gene cloning
● describe techniques and applications used in recombinant DNA technology, for example:
– the development of transgenic organisms in agricultural and medical applications (ACSBL087)
● evaluate the benefits of using genetic technologies in agricultural, medical and industrial applications (ACSBL086)
● evaluate the effect on biodiversity of using biotechnology in agriculture
● interpret a range of secondary sources to assess the influence of social, economic and cultural contexts on a range of biotechnologies
2
,HSC - Stage 6 2 Unit Biology
Biotechnology
Inquiry question: How do genetic techniques affect Earth’s biodiversity?
Students:
● investigate the uses and applications of biotechnology (past, present and future), including: (ACSBL087)
– analysing the social implications and ethical uses of biotechnology, including plant and animal examples
– researching future directions of the use of biotechnology
– evaluating the potential benefits for society of research using genetic technologies
– evaluating the changes to the Earth’s biodiversity due to genetic techniques
USES AND APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
• DEFINITION Biotechnology means using living organisms or their products to fulfil human
needs.
PAST APPLICATION- AGRICULTURE
- Over hundreds of years, humans worked to improve the quality and yield of their food,
realising the advantage of selecting seeds from the best crops and breeding the best
quality animals.
- HISTORY- In 1882, William Farrer conducted artificial pollination to improve bread wheat
APPLICATION/PROCESS- FEDERATION WHEAT
1. Wheat has both male and female parts, to artificially pollinate, remove the pollen from
Yandilla Fife-Indian wheat (drought resistant and good baking quality).
2. Use a brush to dust the pollen from the Purple straw (higher yielding variety) wheat
variety onto the Yandilla fife-Indian wheat to Federation wheat.
OUTCOME: Federation where is drought resistant, good baking quality and high yielding.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFe95G_iRjU
3
, HSC - Stage 6 2 Unit Biology
PRESENT APPLICATION-
There are so many examples that can be used for present day application.
1. DNA sequencing- oxford nanopore 4. Gel electrophoresis
2. DNA profiling
3. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 5. Recombinant DNA technology
APPLICATION/PROCESS- PRODUCTION OF GM ATLANTIC SALMON
1. Locate the gene of interest using FISH (fluorescent insitu hybridisation). The gene of interest is
the gene that regulates growth hormone gene in Pacific Chinook Salmon and a promoter
(genetic on/off switch) gene from ocean pout.
2. Restriction enzymes are used to cut both the genes and the plasmid to create complementary
sticky ends.
3. Ligase enzyme cement the genes together
4. Recombinant DNA is inserted back into a bacteria and amplified as the plasmid will replicate
and make copies of itself independently.
5. Recombinant DNA is extracted and delivered through microinjection into a fertilized Atlantic
salmon egg.
OUTCOME: This creates Atlantic salmon fish that increases in size faster with less feed (18
months instead of 3 years).
4
