NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1
GUARANTEED PASS !!
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - (ANSWER)Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation,
damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - (ANSWER)Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine,
glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - (ANSWER)1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - (ANSWER)Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes
--> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - (ANSWER)Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable.
Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More
excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany,
hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness,
hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
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, Atrophy - (ANSWER)Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for
decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis.
Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - (ANSWER)Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - (ANSWER)Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by
hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - (ANSWER)physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy
work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients / *left
ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - (ANSWER)Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY
happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - (ANSWER)1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining undergoes
hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
Dysplasia - (ANSWER)abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent,
severe cell injury or irritation
Dysplasia examples - (ANSWER)Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo treatment.
Metaplasia - (ANSWER)Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by another cell). Exposure to
chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn
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GUARANTEED PASS !!
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - (ANSWER)Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation,
damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - (ANSWER)Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine,
glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - (ANSWER)1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - (ANSWER)Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes
--> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - (ANSWER)Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable.
Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More
excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany,
hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - (ANSWER)Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness,
hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Page 1 of 15
, Atrophy - (ANSWER)Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for
decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis.
Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - (ANSWER)Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - (ANSWER)Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by
hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - (ANSWER)physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy
work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients / *left
ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - (ANSWER)Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY
happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - (ANSWER)1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining undergoes
hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
Dysplasia - (ANSWER)abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent,
severe cell injury or irritation
Dysplasia examples - (ANSWER)Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo treatment.
Metaplasia - (ANSWER)Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by another cell). Exposure to
chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn
Page 2 of 15
