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Laboratory animal science 2026 Latest Exam Solved
Questions & Answers Verified 100% Graded A+
Describe and present which national and EU laws and guidance which regulate
the scientific use of animals and in particular the activities of those carrying
out scientific procedures involving them, as well as other forms of relevant
animal welfare legislation, and discuss how to find the relevant legislation (LO
1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 11.2)
The following EU and national laws regulate the scientific use of animals:
- EU Directive: Applies to all member states - a harmonizing directive (all countries
should follow the directive, unless the countries already had stricter rules when the
older directive was valid.
- Animal welfare act: Describes that no one is allowed to cause pain, suffering,
distress or lasting to animals.
- Animal experimentation act: Overrules the animal welfare acts. Describes that one
is allowed to cause pain, harm or suffering to animals if the purpose is teaching,
research or production of blood products.
- Animal experimentation order: An addition to the animal experimentation act.
- The Council of Europe convention: Member states of Europe can decide on their
own whether they want to obey the conventions.
All people carrying out a scientific procedure on animals needs a license to carry out
the procedure.
Related animal welfare legislation:
- Animal experimentation inspectorate: The competent authority.
- The animal experimentation board: The committee, which issues the license.
- The national committee for animal experimentation and alternatives: Give advice on
the 3 R's principle.
Relevant legislation can be found on the EU home page.
Describe the authorisation that is needed before acting as user, breeder or
supplier of laboratory animals and especially the authorisation required for
projects and where applicable individuals. Describe who will grant you a
license in Denmark, how this authority is organized, and which other functions
this authority has (LO 1.3)
Breeders, supplier, and users must all be granted an authorization. One must apply
for the authorization by the animal experimentation inspectorate (which is the
competent authority), and the authorization will be granted by the animal
experimentation board.
An authorization is only granted to named individuals or legal persons.
- A named person is a competent scientist, which has the license as a personal
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allowance for him/her to carry out the experiments.
- A legal person means that the company has the license and can currently appoint
competent persons to be responsible and give notice to the competent authority.
The animal experimentation board (competent authority) consists of 11 members
and one judge. The members are experts or lay persons, which are appointed by the
minister of food and environment. The board meet up 11 times a year.
The inspectorate will also inspect animal facilities and experiments.
Describe the roles and responsibilities of the local animal welfare bodies and
the national committee for the protection of animals used for scientific
purposes (LO 1.6)
According to the EU directive animal breeders, users, each establishment using
laboratory animals must set up an animal welfare body. The animal welfare body is
an organization, which includes at least one person responsible for the animal
welfare (animal welfare officer), one scientist and one designated veterinarian (can
be the same person as the scientist).
The animal welfare body will advice on:
- Animal welfare
- The three R's
- Technical and scientific developments
- Rehoming of animals
The national committee give advice on the 3 R's - they function as a 3 R center.
They give advice to the competent authority and to animal welfare bodies. According
to the EU directive each member state shall establish a national committee.
Describe who is responsible for compliance in relation how the experiment is
performed, and how the animals are housed in the facility. Describe what is
expected from the scientist in relation to being aware of local organisation of
animal work (LO 1.7, 1.9, 11.9)
The license holder, legal person or the person who carries out the experiment is
responsible for compliance in relation to how the experiment is performed.
The application to the competent authority must be informed about the names of the
persons who are responsible for design and operation of stables and test rooms, for
the competencies of the staff and for the care of the animals. Furthermore, according
to the EU directive the competent authority (Danish food and veterinary agency)
must monitor the housing facilitates.
When carrying out animal experiments, you are obligated to be familiar with the local
organization of the animal work.
I.5 Describe minimum and maximum threshold of pain, suffering, distress or
lasting harm, i.e. when a procedure becomes regulated as an animal
experiment, and when it cannot be allowed no matter the purpose (LO 1.8, 9.3)
The minimum threshold of pain is described as the injection criteria. This criterion
describes that a procedure must be licensed if it causes pain, suffering, distress, or
lasting harm, equivalent to, or higher than, that caused by the introduction of a
needle in accordance with good veterinary practice.
This definition also implies an upper threshold, which is strong pain, intensive fear or
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suffering. If the upper threshold is exceeded for the experiment, the animal
experimentation cannot be allowed no matter the purpose, according to the Danish
legislation.
What is meant by destinational breeding in relation animal experimentation
legislation, and give examples of some species covered and some species not
covered (LO 1.10)
Destinational breeding refers to species of animals, which requires a license to
breed. Examples are:
- Mice
- Rats
- Zebra fish
Farm animals are not covered by destination breeding and can be brought directly
from the farmer.
Indicate the circumstances in which animals under the scope of the Directive
should be humanely killed or removed from the study to receive veterinary
treatment, and describe the legislative controls over the killing of animals bred
or used for scientific procedures (LO 1.11)
It is never allowed that the animal experiences strong pain, intensive fear or
suffering, no matter the purpose (Danish legislation). If the animal has experiences
strong pain, intensive suffering or fear. After the seponation of anesthesia or the
relieving treatment, the animal must be humanely killed.
When carrying out an experiment, methods should be selected to, as far as possible,
to avoid death as an endpoint.
It cannot be allowed to let the animal stay in an experiment if it gets sick (outside the
scope of the experiment).
Animals should be killed by a competent person using a method appropriate to the
species. How to properly kill animals is described as function D in the four staff
functions of the EU directive.
Describe how the animal experimentation act is based on an ethical framework
which requires 1) weighing the harms and benefits of projects (the
harm/benefit assessment) 2) applying the Three Rs to minimise the harm,
maximise benefits and 3) promote good animal welfare practices (LO 2.5, 9.4).
In order to be granted a license for animal experiment by the animal experimentation
board, the following three evaluation criteria are considered.
1) Benefit/harm assessment: The experiment must be beneficial to society. If the
inspectorate cannot see the societal benefit, they might refuse the license. This also
means that the more beneficial the experiment is, the more harm done to the animal
can be accepted - the benefits of the experiment must outweigh the suffering caused
to the animal.
2) Applying the three R's: It must be shown that it is necessary to include animals in
the experiment (refers to replacement). Furthermore, when choosing between
different approaches, one must be chosen which involves the use of fewer animals
(refers to reduction).
3) Promote good animal welfare practices: The experiment must not cause strong
pain, intensive fear or intensive suffering. When choosing between different
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approaches, one must be chosen, which causes least pain, suffering, distress or
lasting harm. Possible species, that are least prone to experiencing pain, suffering,
distress or lasting harm must be used
I.9 Describe the severity classification system and give examples of each
category. Describe cumulative severity and the effect this may have on the
severity classification (LO 2.8, 2.9)
All animal experiments are classified according to severity. This is because the
expected severity should be stated in the license application.
1) Non-recovery experiments: Performed entirely under general anesthesia from
which the animal shall not recover consciousness.
2) Mild experiments: Procedures where the animals are likely to experience:
- Short term mild pain, suffering or distress
- No significant impairment of the well-being or general condition.
- Ex) Administration of anesthesia
3) Moderate experiments: The animals are likely to experience:
- Short-term moderate pain, suffering or distress
- Long-lasting mild pain, suffering or distress
- Moderate impairment of the well-being or general condition
- Ex) Surgery under general anesthesia
4) Severe experiments: Procedures where the animals are likely to experience:
- Severe pain, distress or suffering
- Long-lasting moderate pain, suffering or distress
- Severe impairment of the well-being or general condition
- If an animal dies and it cannot be diagnosed, the experiment will be reported as
server.
- Ex) Severe restriction of movement over a prolonged period
Cumulative severity refers to the accumulation of harm over time. Can result from
repeated exposure to adverse conditions or stressors. The cumulative severity can
affect the severity classification system.
An accumulation of several non-invasive procedures, that beforehand not was
classified, can result in a classification of a "mild severity" (ex. assessment of body
composition, ECG etc.)
I.10 Describe the regulations regarding re-use of animals (LO 2.10)
Animals can only be re-used if the severity of the first experiment was mild or
moderate and the new experiment will also be either mild, moderate or non-recovery.
Furthermore, the health and well-being of the animal must be fully restored before it
can be re-used. A veterinarian must advice, that re-use will be acceptable for the
animal.
In exceptional circumstances after a veterinary examination, the inspectorate may
allow the re-use of animals once, with severe pain, distress or equivalent suffering.
I.11 Describe the four functions in relation to educational demands for staff
involved in animal experimentation, as well as the role of the manager (EU
article 24) and the designated vet (EU article 25) (LO 1.5, 11.1)
Each establishment shall ensure to have sufficient staff on site. The staff shall be
adequality trained to perfom any of the following functions:
A - Staff carrying out the practical procedures on animals.
- You must have be a laboratory animal technician or have another relevant
education + a shorter course.
Laboratory animal science 2026 Latest Exam Solved
Questions & Answers Verified 100% Graded A+
Describe and present which national and EU laws and guidance which regulate
the scientific use of animals and in particular the activities of those carrying
out scientific procedures involving them, as well as other forms of relevant
animal welfare legislation, and discuss how to find the relevant legislation (LO
1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 11.2)
The following EU and national laws regulate the scientific use of animals:
- EU Directive: Applies to all member states - a harmonizing directive (all countries
should follow the directive, unless the countries already had stricter rules when the
older directive was valid.
- Animal welfare act: Describes that no one is allowed to cause pain, suffering,
distress or lasting to animals.
- Animal experimentation act: Overrules the animal welfare acts. Describes that one
is allowed to cause pain, harm or suffering to animals if the purpose is teaching,
research or production of blood products.
- Animal experimentation order: An addition to the animal experimentation act.
- The Council of Europe convention: Member states of Europe can decide on their
own whether they want to obey the conventions.
All people carrying out a scientific procedure on animals needs a license to carry out
the procedure.
Related animal welfare legislation:
- Animal experimentation inspectorate: The competent authority.
- The animal experimentation board: The committee, which issues the license.
- The national committee for animal experimentation and alternatives: Give advice on
the 3 R's principle.
Relevant legislation can be found on the EU home page.
Describe the authorisation that is needed before acting as user, breeder or
supplier of laboratory animals and especially the authorisation required for
projects and where applicable individuals. Describe who will grant you a
license in Denmark, how this authority is organized, and which other functions
this authority has (LO 1.3)
Breeders, supplier, and users must all be granted an authorization. One must apply
for the authorization by the animal experimentation inspectorate (which is the
competent authority), and the authorization will be granted by the animal
experimentation board.
An authorization is only granted to named individuals or legal persons.
- A named person is a competent scientist, which has the license as a personal
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allowance for him/her to carry out the experiments.
- A legal person means that the company has the license and can currently appoint
competent persons to be responsible and give notice to the competent authority.
The animal experimentation board (competent authority) consists of 11 members
and one judge. The members are experts or lay persons, which are appointed by the
minister of food and environment. The board meet up 11 times a year.
The inspectorate will also inspect animal facilities and experiments.
Describe the roles and responsibilities of the local animal welfare bodies and
the national committee for the protection of animals used for scientific
purposes (LO 1.6)
According to the EU directive animal breeders, users, each establishment using
laboratory animals must set up an animal welfare body. The animal welfare body is
an organization, which includes at least one person responsible for the animal
welfare (animal welfare officer), one scientist and one designated veterinarian (can
be the same person as the scientist).
The animal welfare body will advice on:
- Animal welfare
- The three R's
- Technical and scientific developments
- Rehoming of animals
The national committee give advice on the 3 R's - they function as a 3 R center.
They give advice to the competent authority and to animal welfare bodies. According
to the EU directive each member state shall establish a national committee.
Describe who is responsible for compliance in relation how the experiment is
performed, and how the animals are housed in the facility. Describe what is
expected from the scientist in relation to being aware of local organisation of
animal work (LO 1.7, 1.9, 11.9)
The license holder, legal person or the person who carries out the experiment is
responsible for compliance in relation to how the experiment is performed.
The application to the competent authority must be informed about the names of the
persons who are responsible for design and operation of stables and test rooms, for
the competencies of the staff and for the care of the animals. Furthermore, according
to the EU directive the competent authority (Danish food and veterinary agency)
must monitor the housing facilitates.
When carrying out animal experiments, you are obligated to be familiar with the local
organization of the animal work.
I.5 Describe minimum and maximum threshold of pain, suffering, distress or
lasting harm, i.e. when a procedure becomes regulated as an animal
experiment, and when it cannot be allowed no matter the purpose (LO 1.8, 9.3)
The minimum threshold of pain is described as the injection criteria. This criterion
describes that a procedure must be licensed if it causes pain, suffering, distress, or
lasting harm, equivalent to, or higher than, that caused by the introduction of a
needle in accordance with good veterinary practice.
This definition also implies an upper threshold, which is strong pain, intensive fear or
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suffering. If the upper threshold is exceeded for the experiment, the animal
experimentation cannot be allowed no matter the purpose, according to the Danish
legislation.
What is meant by destinational breeding in relation animal experimentation
legislation, and give examples of some species covered and some species not
covered (LO 1.10)
Destinational breeding refers to species of animals, which requires a license to
breed. Examples are:
- Mice
- Rats
- Zebra fish
Farm animals are not covered by destination breeding and can be brought directly
from the farmer.
Indicate the circumstances in which animals under the scope of the Directive
should be humanely killed or removed from the study to receive veterinary
treatment, and describe the legislative controls over the killing of animals bred
or used for scientific procedures (LO 1.11)
It is never allowed that the animal experiences strong pain, intensive fear or
suffering, no matter the purpose (Danish legislation). If the animal has experiences
strong pain, intensive suffering or fear. After the seponation of anesthesia or the
relieving treatment, the animal must be humanely killed.
When carrying out an experiment, methods should be selected to, as far as possible,
to avoid death as an endpoint.
It cannot be allowed to let the animal stay in an experiment if it gets sick (outside the
scope of the experiment).
Animals should be killed by a competent person using a method appropriate to the
species. How to properly kill animals is described as function D in the four staff
functions of the EU directive.
Describe how the animal experimentation act is based on an ethical framework
which requires 1) weighing the harms and benefits of projects (the
harm/benefit assessment) 2) applying the Three Rs to minimise the harm,
maximise benefits and 3) promote good animal welfare practices (LO 2.5, 9.4).
In order to be granted a license for animal experiment by the animal experimentation
board, the following three evaluation criteria are considered.
1) Benefit/harm assessment: The experiment must be beneficial to society. If the
inspectorate cannot see the societal benefit, they might refuse the license. This also
means that the more beneficial the experiment is, the more harm done to the animal
can be accepted - the benefits of the experiment must outweigh the suffering caused
to the animal.
2) Applying the three R's: It must be shown that it is necessary to include animals in
the experiment (refers to replacement). Furthermore, when choosing between
different approaches, one must be chosen which involves the use of fewer animals
(refers to reduction).
3) Promote good animal welfare practices: The experiment must not cause strong
pain, intensive fear or intensive suffering. When choosing between different
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approaches, one must be chosen, which causes least pain, suffering, distress or
lasting harm. Possible species, that are least prone to experiencing pain, suffering,
distress or lasting harm must be used
I.9 Describe the severity classification system and give examples of each
category. Describe cumulative severity and the effect this may have on the
severity classification (LO 2.8, 2.9)
All animal experiments are classified according to severity. This is because the
expected severity should be stated in the license application.
1) Non-recovery experiments: Performed entirely under general anesthesia from
which the animal shall not recover consciousness.
2) Mild experiments: Procedures where the animals are likely to experience:
- Short term mild pain, suffering or distress
- No significant impairment of the well-being or general condition.
- Ex) Administration of anesthesia
3) Moderate experiments: The animals are likely to experience:
- Short-term moderate pain, suffering or distress
- Long-lasting mild pain, suffering or distress
- Moderate impairment of the well-being or general condition
- Ex) Surgery under general anesthesia
4) Severe experiments: Procedures where the animals are likely to experience:
- Severe pain, distress or suffering
- Long-lasting moderate pain, suffering or distress
- Severe impairment of the well-being or general condition
- If an animal dies and it cannot be diagnosed, the experiment will be reported as
server.
- Ex) Severe restriction of movement over a prolonged period
Cumulative severity refers to the accumulation of harm over time. Can result from
repeated exposure to adverse conditions or stressors. The cumulative severity can
affect the severity classification system.
An accumulation of several non-invasive procedures, that beforehand not was
classified, can result in a classification of a "mild severity" (ex. assessment of body
composition, ECG etc.)
I.10 Describe the regulations regarding re-use of animals (LO 2.10)
Animals can only be re-used if the severity of the first experiment was mild or
moderate and the new experiment will also be either mild, moderate or non-recovery.
Furthermore, the health and well-being of the animal must be fully restored before it
can be re-used. A veterinarian must advice, that re-use will be acceptable for the
animal.
In exceptional circumstances after a veterinary examination, the inspectorate may
allow the re-use of animals once, with severe pain, distress or equivalent suffering.
I.11 Describe the four functions in relation to educational demands for staff
involved in animal experimentation, as well as the role of the manager (EU
article 24) and the designated vet (EU article 25) (LO 1.5, 11.1)
Each establishment shall ensure to have sufficient staff on site. The staff shall be
adequality trained to perfom any of the following functions:
A - Staff carrying out the practical procedures on animals.
- You must have be a laboratory animal technician or have another relevant
education + a shorter course.
