-NCLEX NURSING PHARMACOLOGY 2026 EXAM WITH
SOLUTIONS TO ANSWERS TESTBANK 1–
1. Question1 point(s)
An infection in a central venous access device is not eliminated by giving
antibiotics through the catheter. How would bacterial glycocalyx contribute to
this?
A. It protects the bacteria from antibiotic and immunologic destruction.
B. Glycocalyx neutralizes the antibiotic rendering it ineffective.
C. It competes with the antibiotic for binding sites on the microbe.
Correct Answer
D. Glycocalyx provides nutrients for microbial growth.
Incorrect
Incorrect
Correct Answer: C. It competes with the antibiotic for binding sites on the
microbe.
,Glycocalyx is a viscous polysaccharide or polypeptide slime that covers microbes.
It enhances adherence to surfaces, resists phagocytic engulfment by the white
blood cells, and prevents antibiotics from contacting the microbe.
Option A: The first identified function of the glycocalyx was probably protection.
The glycocalyx is a dense, gel-like meshwork that surrounds the cell, constituting a
physical barrier for any object to enter the cell. For example, the glycocalyx was
identified to play an important role to prevent the entry of pathogens into the
cell.
Option B: The endothelial glycocalyx is continuously in contact with the
bloodstream and acts as a vital mechanosensor on endothelial cells. Specifically,
long proteoglycans with strong glycosylation such as heparan sulfate or
chondroitin sulfate are involved in this process. Often, the image of wind brushing
through trees is used: In this analogy, the “wind” of the bloodstream acts on the
proteoglycan “trees” of the glycocalyx, bending them, which creates a torque that
is transferred to the inside of the cells. This leads to various intracellular
responses such as the release of the vasodilator nitric oxide, actin cytoskeleton
rearrangement, and cell polarization.
Option D: Considering that galectins are both glycocalyx organizing proteins and
involved in a variety of cellular processes, it appears as if the glycocalyx can act as
a “storage compartment” for galectins and potentially other proteins. Upon
triggering events, they are released and translocated into the cell, where they
fulfill their respective function.
2. Question1 point(s)
,Central venous access devices are beneficial in pediatric therapy because:
A. They don’t frighten children.
Incorrect
B. Use of the arms is not restricted.
Correct Answer
C. They cannot be dislodged.
D. They are difficult to see.
Incorrect
-: B. Use of the arms is not restricted.
The child can move his extremities and function in a normal fashion. This lessens
stress associated with position restriction and promotes normal activity. After the
decision has been made to place a CVAD, a suitable approach is chosen. A clear
understanding of the anatomy is needed for each of the different approaches.
The four main approaches to central venous access include the internal jugular,
subclavian, femoral, and PICC techniques.
Option A: Fear may not be eliminated. Central venous access devices (CVADs) are
used to deliver larger volumes of irritating solutions, such as antibiotics, blood
, products, parenteral nutrition media, and sclerosing chemotherapeutic agents. If
patients need prolonged intravenous (IV) access, a CVAD is preferred to a
peripheral IV line. Central access is also indicated when peripheral access cannot
be achieved; however, in an emergency situation (eg, trauma), when peripheral
and central access cannot be expeditiously obtained, the intraosseous route is the
next best choice for obtaining vascular access.
Option C: All lines can be dislodged. CVADs improve the quality of life and
patients’ safety. However, these catheters may lead to severe complications, e.g.,
infection, thrombosis, and dislodgement. Dislodgement was defined as the
displacement of the tip of the CVAD into a non-central portion of the venous
system.
Option D: Even small catheters can be readily seen. Central venous catheters
(CVCs) are inserted at femoral, subclavian, and internal jugular sites. These
devices are preferred in children who have no peripheral access and in those who
require long-term IV access. The subclavian route has been the preferred route
for many years and affords the patient the greatest mobility. The internal jugular
vein (IJV), either via cutdown or via percutaneous access, is also a popular site in
children that is amenable to placement under ultrasonographic (US) guidance.
3. Question1 point(s)
How can central venous access devices (CVADs) be of value in a patient receiving
chemotherapy who has stomatitis and severe diarrhea?
SOLUTIONS TO ANSWERS TESTBANK 1–
1. Question1 point(s)
An infection in a central venous access device is not eliminated by giving
antibiotics through the catheter. How would bacterial glycocalyx contribute to
this?
A. It protects the bacteria from antibiotic and immunologic destruction.
B. Glycocalyx neutralizes the antibiotic rendering it ineffective.
C. It competes with the antibiotic for binding sites on the microbe.
Correct Answer
D. Glycocalyx provides nutrients for microbial growth.
Incorrect
Incorrect
Correct Answer: C. It competes with the antibiotic for binding sites on the
microbe.
,Glycocalyx is a viscous polysaccharide or polypeptide slime that covers microbes.
It enhances adherence to surfaces, resists phagocytic engulfment by the white
blood cells, and prevents antibiotics from contacting the microbe.
Option A: The first identified function of the glycocalyx was probably protection.
The glycocalyx is a dense, gel-like meshwork that surrounds the cell, constituting a
physical barrier for any object to enter the cell. For example, the glycocalyx was
identified to play an important role to prevent the entry of pathogens into the
cell.
Option B: The endothelial glycocalyx is continuously in contact with the
bloodstream and acts as a vital mechanosensor on endothelial cells. Specifically,
long proteoglycans with strong glycosylation such as heparan sulfate or
chondroitin sulfate are involved in this process. Often, the image of wind brushing
through trees is used: In this analogy, the “wind” of the bloodstream acts on the
proteoglycan “trees” of the glycocalyx, bending them, which creates a torque that
is transferred to the inside of the cells. This leads to various intracellular
responses such as the release of the vasodilator nitric oxide, actin cytoskeleton
rearrangement, and cell polarization.
Option D: Considering that galectins are both glycocalyx organizing proteins and
involved in a variety of cellular processes, it appears as if the glycocalyx can act as
a “storage compartment” for galectins and potentially other proteins. Upon
triggering events, they are released and translocated into the cell, where they
fulfill their respective function.
2. Question1 point(s)
,Central venous access devices are beneficial in pediatric therapy because:
A. They don’t frighten children.
Incorrect
B. Use of the arms is not restricted.
Correct Answer
C. They cannot be dislodged.
D. They are difficult to see.
Incorrect
-: B. Use of the arms is not restricted.
The child can move his extremities and function in a normal fashion. This lessens
stress associated with position restriction and promotes normal activity. After the
decision has been made to place a CVAD, a suitable approach is chosen. A clear
understanding of the anatomy is needed for each of the different approaches.
The four main approaches to central venous access include the internal jugular,
subclavian, femoral, and PICC techniques.
Option A: Fear may not be eliminated. Central venous access devices (CVADs) are
used to deliver larger volumes of irritating solutions, such as antibiotics, blood
, products, parenteral nutrition media, and sclerosing chemotherapeutic agents. If
patients need prolonged intravenous (IV) access, a CVAD is preferred to a
peripheral IV line. Central access is also indicated when peripheral access cannot
be achieved; however, in an emergency situation (eg, trauma), when peripheral
and central access cannot be expeditiously obtained, the intraosseous route is the
next best choice for obtaining vascular access.
Option C: All lines can be dislodged. CVADs improve the quality of life and
patients’ safety. However, these catheters may lead to severe complications, e.g.,
infection, thrombosis, and dislodgement. Dislodgement was defined as the
displacement of the tip of the CVAD into a non-central portion of the venous
system.
Option D: Even small catheters can be readily seen. Central venous catheters
(CVCs) are inserted at femoral, subclavian, and internal jugular sites. These
devices are preferred in children who have no peripheral access and in those who
require long-term IV access. The subclavian route has been the preferred route
for many years and affords the patient the greatest mobility. The internal jugular
vein (IJV), either via cutdown or via percutaneous access, is also a popular site in
children that is amenable to placement under ultrasonographic (US) guidance.
3. Question1 point(s)
How can central venous access devices (CVADs) be of value in a patient receiving
chemotherapy who has stomatitis and severe diarrhea?
