Academic Skills Summary

Academic Skills; Lectures


Karl Popper
 Induction vs Deduction
 Black Swan Theory —> Induction
 Water Plant Theory —> Deduction

Induction (Qualitative):
When there are no theories or research papers.
 Create a new theory

Deduction (Quantative):
When there are theories and research papers.
 Test theories and review/refine


Inductive Deductive
Observations Predictions
Interview Observe
Generalize Conclude
Conclude Check with academics
Test & Review Review

*You will always keep on checking and testing theories because environments change.
*Induction and Deduction collaborate closely.

Realism
 Objective measures and facts
 Reality is independent of our perception
”The ball is blue”
“I am 21 years old”

Interpretivism
 Subjective measures and experiences
 Reality is depended and shaped by those that experience it
”The ball looks green to me”
“I am 21 years old, but feel like a 13 year old”

Ontology: Individuals believes about the nature of reality
“A set of believes about what the world we are studying actually is”
Realism: Objective measures
Interpretivism: Subjective measures

Epistemology: Relation and approach between researcher and study/research
Realism: Outside look
- Knowledge is objective
- Surveys not personal
- Numerical data