Comprehensive Medical-Surgical Nursing
Review: Cardiac, Respiratory, and
Infectious Diseases Exam 2026 Questions
and Answers Graded A+
What are the ABCs of prioritization? - Correct answer-The ABCs of prioritization
refer to the framework of assessing patients based on their Airway, Breathing, and
Circulation needs, prioritizing care accordingly.
How are patients grouped after the ABCs of prioritization? - Correct answer-After
the ABCs, patients are typically grouped into three categories: urgent, non-urgent,
and emergent, based on the severity of their condition.
What is the difference between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors? -
Correct answer-Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed or controlled,
such as diet and exercise, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent and cannot
be changed, such as age and genetics.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Which patients can NOT sign their own consent? - Correct answer-Patients who
are minors, mentally incapacitated, or under the influence of substances that impair
judgment cannot sign their own consent.
What is the cycle of infection? - Correct answer-The cycle of infection includes the
portal of entry, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, susceptible host, and
the infectious agent.
What are the benefits of ABG testing? - Correct answer-ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)
testing provides critical information about a patient's oxygenation, carbon dioxide
levels, and acid-base balance, which are essential for assessing respiratory and
metabolic function.
What is an electrolyte panel? - Correct answer-An electrolyte panel measures the
levels of key electrolytes in the blood, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride,
helping to assess hydration status and kidney function.
How can potassium and sodium imbalances impact the patient? - Correct answer-
Potassium imbalances can lead to muscle weakness, arrhythmias, and cardiac
arrest, while sodium imbalances can cause confusion, seizures, and edema.
Treatment may include electrolyte replacement or restriction.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, What does CK stand for and what is its significance? - Correct answer-CK stands
for creatine kinase, an enzyme that indicates muscle damage when elevated, often
used to assess myocardial infarction.
What is CKMB? - Correct answer-CKMB is a specific isoenzyme of creatine
kinase that is primarily found in heart muscle and is used as a marker for
myocardial infarction.
What is Troponin? - Correct answer-Troponin is a protein released when the heart
muscle is damaged, and elevated levels are indicative of myocardial infarction.
What do crackles indicate? - Correct answer-Crackles are abnormal lung sounds
that indicate fluid in the airways, often associated with conditions like pneumonia
or heart failure.
What do wheezing sounds indicate? - Correct answer-Wheezing indicates
narrowed airways, commonly seen in asthma or bronchospasm.
What do rhonchi sounds indicate? - Correct answer-Rhonchi are low-pitched
sounds indicating mucus obstruction in the airways, often associated with
bronchitis.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
Review: Cardiac, Respiratory, and
Infectious Diseases Exam 2026 Questions
and Answers Graded A+
What are the ABCs of prioritization? - Correct answer-The ABCs of prioritization
refer to the framework of assessing patients based on their Airway, Breathing, and
Circulation needs, prioritizing care accordingly.
How are patients grouped after the ABCs of prioritization? - Correct answer-After
the ABCs, patients are typically grouped into three categories: urgent, non-urgent,
and emergent, based on the severity of their condition.
What is the difference between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors? -
Correct answer-Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed or controlled,
such as diet and exercise, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent and cannot
be changed, such as age and genetics.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Which patients can NOT sign their own consent? - Correct answer-Patients who
are minors, mentally incapacitated, or under the influence of substances that impair
judgment cannot sign their own consent.
What is the cycle of infection? - Correct answer-The cycle of infection includes the
portal of entry, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, susceptible host, and
the infectious agent.
What are the benefits of ABG testing? - Correct answer-ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)
testing provides critical information about a patient's oxygenation, carbon dioxide
levels, and acid-base balance, which are essential for assessing respiratory and
metabolic function.
What is an electrolyte panel? - Correct answer-An electrolyte panel measures the
levels of key electrolytes in the blood, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride,
helping to assess hydration status and kidney function.
How can potassium and sodium imbalances impact the patient? - Correct answer-
Potassium imbalances can lead to muscle weakness, arrhythmias, and cardiac
arrest, while sodium imbalances can cause confusion, seizures, and edema.
Treatment may include electrolyte replacement or restriction.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, What does CK stand for and what is its significance? - Correct answer-CK stands
for creatine kinase, an enzyme that indicates muscle damage when elevated, often
used to assess myocardial infarction.
What is CKMB? - Correct answer-CKMB is a specific isoenzyme of creatine
kinase that is primarily found in heart muscle and is used as a marker for
myocardial infarction.
What is Troponin? - Correct answer-Troponin is a protein released when the heart
muscle is damaged, and elevated levels are indicative of myocardial infarction.
What do crackles indicate? - Correct answer-Crackles are abnormal lung sounds
that indicate fluid in the airways, often associated with conditions like pneumonia
or heart failure.
What do wheezing sounds indicate? - Correct answer-Wheezing indicates
narrowed airways, commonly seen in asthma or bronchospasm.
What do rhonchi sounds indicate? - Correct answer-Rhonchi are low-pitched
sounds indicating mucus obstruction in the airways, often associated with
bronchitis.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
