WGU D441 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM | VERIFIED AND WELL
DETAILED ANSWERS GRADED A+ | LATEST EXAM UPDATE
What is the primary action of alpha-adrenergic blockers? - CORRECT
ANSWER - They bind to alpha-adrenergic receptors, causing dilatation of
peripheral blood vessels and lower peripheral resistance, resulting in decreased
blood pressure.
What are the positive therapeutic outcomes of alpha-adrenergic blockers? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Decreased blood pressure and increased peripheral
pulses.
What is a common generic name for an alpha-1 blocker? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Silodosin.
What conditions are alpha-adrenergic blockers used to treat? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Benign prostatic hyperplasia, pheochromocytoma, prevention of
tissue necrosis, and sloughing associated with extravasation of IV vasopressors.
What is the action of general anesthetics? - CORRECT ANSWER - They act
on the CNS to produce tranquilization and sleep before invasive procedures.
What is the action of local anesthetics? - CORRECT ANSWER - They inhibit
conduction of nerve impulses from sensory nerves.
What are the contraindications for using anesthetics? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Hypersensitivity reactions, myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency,
angina, and other evidence of coronary artery disease.
,What are common adverse effects of alpha-adrenergic blockers? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Hypotension, tachycardia, nasal stuffiness, nausea, vomiting, and
diarrhea.
What precautions should be taken when administering general anesthetics? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Use with caution in geriatric patients, children under 2
years, and those with cardiovascular, renal/hepatic disease, or Parkinson's
disease.
What should be monitored when administering alpha-adrenergic blockers? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Electrolytes (potassium, sodium chloride, carbon
dioxide), weight, blood pressure, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
What are the common adverse effects of general anesthetics? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Dystonia, akathisia, flexion of arms, fine tremors, drowsiness,
restlessness, and hypotension.
What should patients be educated about when taking alpha-adrenergic blockers?
- CORRECT ANSWER - Avoiding alcoholic beverages, reporting dizziness or
palpitations, changing positions slowly, and taking medications exactly as
prescribed.
What is the action of antacids? - CORRECT ANSWER - They are basic
compounds that neutralize gastric acidity and decrease the rate of gastric
emptying.
What are the uses of antacids? - CORRECT ANSWER - To decrease
hyperacidity in conditions such as peptic ulcer disease, reflux esophagitis,
gastritis, or hiatal hernia.
What are the contraindications for using antacids? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Sensitivity to aluminum or magnesium products and hypersensitivity reactions.
,What are common adverse effects of aluminum-containing antacids? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Constipation, which may lead to fecal impaction and
bowel obstruction.
What should be monitored when administering antacids? - CORRECT
ANSWER - GI symptoms, renal symptoms, and electrolyte levels.
What are the precautions for using magnesium-containing antacids? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Use cautiously in patients with renal insufficiency,
during pregnancy, and breastfeeding.
What are common generic names for anti-Alzheimer agents? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Donepezil, memantine, rivastigmine.
What is the action of anti-Alzheimer agents? - CORRECT ANSWER - They
improve cognitive functioning by increasing acetylcholine and inhibiting
cholinesterase in the CNS.
What are the contraindications for using anti-Alzheimer agents? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Hypersensitivity reactions and caution in pregnancy, breastfeeding,
sick sinus syndrome, GI bleeding, bladder obstruction, and seizures.
What should patients be advised regarding the timing of antacid administration?
- CORRECT ANSWER - Not to take other products within 1-2 hours of
antacid administration, as antacids may impair absorption.
What are the interactions of antacids with other medications? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Antacids can increase the effects of certain medications like
quinidine and decrease the effects of others like cimetidine and phenytoin.
What are the main categories of antianginal agents? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and beta-adrenergic blockers.
, How do nitrates function as antianginals? - CORRECT ANSWER - They
dilate coronary arteries, decreasing preload and systemic arteries, decreasing
afterload.
What is the action of calcium channel blockers? - CORRECT ANSWER -
They dilate coronary arteries and decrease conduction through the SA/AV
nodes.
What effect do beta-adrenergic blockers have on the heart? - CORRECT
ANSWER - They decrease heart rate, leading to reduced myocardial oxygen
use.
What is the role of dipyridamole in antianginal therapy? - CORRECT
ANSWER - It selectively dilates coronary arteries to increase coronary blood
flow.
What are common uses for antianginals? - CORRECT ANSWER - Chronic
stable angina pectoris, unstable angina, and vasospastic angina.
What are the most common side effects of antianginals? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, insomnia, dizziness,
urinary frequency, incontinence, and rash.
What serious side effects can occur with antianginals? - CORRECT ANSWER
- Seizures and dysrhythmias.
In which conditions should antianginals be used cautiously? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Pregnancy, breastfeeding, renal disease, hepatic injury, and
postural hypotension.
DETAILED ANSWERS GRADED A+ | LATEST EXAM UPDATE
What is the primary action of alpha-adrenergic blockers? - CORRECT
ANSWER - They bind to alpha-adrenergic receptors, causing dilatation of
peripheral blood vessels and lower peripheral resistance, resulting in decreased
blood pressure.
What are the positive therapeutic outcomes of alpha-adrenergic blockers? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Decreased blood pressure and increased peripheral
pulses.
What is a common generic name for an alpha-1 blocker? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Silodosin.
What conditions are alpha-adrenergic blockers used to treat? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Benign prostatic hyperplasia, pheochromocytoma, prevention of
tissue necrosis, and sloughing associated with extravasation of IV vasopressors.
What is the action of general anesthetics? - CORRECT ANSWER - They act
on the CNS to produce tranquilization and sleep before invasive procedures.
What is the action of local anesthetics? - CORRECT ANSWER - They inhibit
conduction of nerve impulses from sensory nerves.
What are the contraindications for using anesthetics? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Hypersensitivity reactions, myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency,
angina, and other evidence of coronary artery disease.
,What are common adverse effects of alpha-adrenergic blockers? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Hypotension, tachycardia, nasal stuffiness, nausea, vomiting, and
diarrhea.
What precautions should be taken when administering general anesthetics? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Use with caution in geriatric patients, children under 2
years, and those with cardiovascular, renal/hepatic disease, or Parkinson's
disease.
What should be monitored when administering alpha-adrenergic blockers? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Electrolytes (potassium, sodium chloride, carbon
dioxide), weight, blood pressure, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
What are the common adverse effects of general anesthetics? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Dystonia, akathisia, flexion of arms, fine tremors, drowsiness,
restlessness, and hypotension.
What should patients be educated about when taking alpha-adrenergic blockers?
- CORRECT ANSWER - Avoiding alcoholic beverages, reporting dizziness or
palpitations, changing positions slowly, and taking medications exactly as
prescribed.
What is the action of antacids? - CORRECT ANSWER - They are basic
compounds that neutralize gastric acidity and decrease the rate of gastric
emptying.
What are the uses of antacids? - CORRECT ANSWER - To decrease
hyperacidity in conditions such as peptic ulcer disease, reflux esophagitis,
gastritis, or hiatal hernia.
What are the contraindications for using antacids? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Sensitivity to aluminum or magnesium products and hypersensitivity reactions.
,What are common adverse effects of aluminum-containing antacids? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Constipation, which may lead to fecal impaction and
bowel obstruction.
What should be monitored when administering antacids? - CORRECT
ANSWER - GI symptoms, renal symptoms, and electrolyte levels.
What are the precautions for using magnesium-containing antacids? -
CORRECT ANSWER - Use cautiously in patients with renal insufficiency,
during pregnancy, and breastfeeding.
What are common generic names for anti-Alzheimer agents? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Donepezil, memantine, rivastigmine.
What is the action of anti-Alzheimer agents? - CORRECT ANSWER - They
improve cognitive functioning by increasing acetylcholine and inhibiting
cholinesterase in the CNS.
What are the contraindications for using anti-Alzheimer agents? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Hypersensitivity reactions and caution in pregnancy, breastfeeding,
sick sinus syndrome, GI bleeding, bladder obstruction, and seizures.
What should patients be advised regarding the timing of antacid administration?
- CORRECT ANSWER - Not to take other products within 1-2 hours of
antacid administration, as antacids may impair absorption.
What are the interactions of antacids with other medications? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Antacids can increase the effects of certain medications like
quinidine and decrease the effects of others like cimetidine and phenytoin.
What are the main categories of antianginal agents? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and beta-adrenergic blockers.
, How do nitrates function as antianginals? - CORRECT ANSWER - They
dilate coronary arteries, decreasing preload and systemic arteries, decreasing
afterload.
What is the action of calcium channel blockers? - CORRECT ANSWER -
They dilate coronary arteries and decrease conduction through the SA/AV
nodes.
What effect do beta-adrenergic blockers have on the heart? - CORRECT
ANSWER - They decrease heart rate, leading to reduced myocardial oxygen
use.
What is the role of dipyridamole in antianginal therapy? - CORRECT
ANSWER - It selectively dilates coronary arteries to increase coronary blood
flow.
What are common uses for antianginals? - CORRECT ANSWER - Chronic
stable angina pectoris, unstable angina, and vasospastic angina.
What are the most common side effects of antianginals? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, insomnia, dizziness,
urinary frequency, incontinence, and rash.
What serious side effects can occur with antianginals? - CORRECT ANSWER
- Seizures and dysrhythmias.
In which conditions should antianginals be used cautiously? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Pregnancy, breastfeeding, renal disease, hepatic injury, and
postural hypotension.
