WGU C175/D426 Data Management
Foundations OA 2025 Updated Exam –
Complete Study Guide Graded A+
(Questions & 100% Verified Answers)
1. In what two ways does a DBMS environment increase effectiveness
in working with data?
Enables Data Sharing
Storage of vast volumes of data
2. A company posts an internet-based newsletter about their products.
What advantage will this company gain from the relational database
management system that will store customer information?
Improved query response time
3. What is the method of organizing attributes into tables?
Data NORMALIZATION
4. What should a company expect from implementing a business
intelligence system?
Financial: Increased profitability
Productivity: Increased throughput, decreased workloads
Trust: greater satisfaction
Risk: improved visibility
5. What is a relational model?
A database model based on mathematical principles
6. What are the 3 mathematical concepts of the relational model?
Domain
Tuple
Relation
7. Define: Domain
Set of values = "Data Type"
8. Define: Tuple
Finite sequence of values pulled from a fixed domain = "Row"
, 9. Define: Intersect Operation (and how it appears on an ER diagram)
Operates on two compatible tables and returns only rows that appear in
BOTH tables. Appears as a line and square coming off of a relationship
between two other entities.
10. What does cardinality refer to? How does it appear on ER diagram?
Refers to the MAXIMUM number of times an instance in one entity can be
associated with instance of another entity (Maxima). Appears as a 1 or M on
the relationship line, closest to entity.
11. What does modality refer to? How does it appear on ER diagram?
Refers to the MINIMUM number of times an instance in one entity can be
associated with instance of another entity (minima). Appears as a 0 or 1 on
the relationship line, next to cardinality.
12. Define: Referential Integrity
Requires that ALL foreign key values must either be fully NULL or match
some primary key value.
13. What are the 4 Ways Referential Integrity can be violated?
Primary key is updated
Foreign key is updated
Row containing primary key is DELETED
Row containing foreign key is INSERTED
14. What are the 4 Actions to Correct Referential Integrity Violation?
RESTRICT - rejects an insert, update, or delete
SET NULL - sets invalid foreign keys to null
SET DEFAULT - sets invalid foreign keys to a default primary value
CASCADE - propagates primary key changes to foreign keys
15. What is an important aspect to referential integrity?
Reference to data in one relation is based on values in another relation.
16. What is a broad definition of data?
Raw facts captured on printed or digital media
17. What are data?
Facts that are collected and stored in a database system
18. What is a determining characteristic of unstructured data?
It does not follow a data model
19. What is true about flat files?
They contain no internal hierarchical organization
Foundations OA 2025 Updated Exam –
Complete Study Guide Graded A+
(Questions & 100% Verified Answers)
1. In what two ways does a DBMS environment increase effectiveness
in working with data?
Enables Data Sharing
Storage of vast volumes of data
2. A company posts an internet-based newsletter about their products.
What advantage will this company gain from the relational database
management system that will store customer information?
Improved query response time
3. What is the method of organizing attributes into tables?
Data NORMALIZATION
4. What should a company expect from implementing a business
intelligence system?
Financial: Increased profitability
Productivity: Increased throughput, decreased workloads
Trust: greater satisfaction
Risk: improved visibility
5. What is a relational model?
A database model based on mathematical principles
6. What are the 3 mathematical concepts of the relational model?
Domain
Tuple
Relation
7. Define: Domain
Set of values = "Data Type"
8. Define: Tuple
Finite sequence of values pulled from a fixed domain = "Row"
, 9. Define: Intersect Operation (and how it appears on an ER diagram)
Operates on two compatible tables and returns only rows that appear in
BOTH tables. Appears as a line and square coming off of a relationship
between two other entities.
10. What does cardinality refer to? How does it appear on ER diagram?
Refers to the MAXIMUM number of times an instance in one entity can be
associated with instance of another entity (Maxima). Appears as a 1 or M on
the relationship line, closest to entity.
11. What does modality refer to? How does it appear on ER diagram?
Refers to the MINIMUM number of times an instance in one entity can be
associated with instance of another entity (minima). Appears as a 0 or 1 on
the relationship line, next to cardinality.
12. Define: Referential Integrity
Requires that ALL foreign key values must either be fully NULL or match
some primary key value.
13. What are the 4 Ways Referential Integrity can be violated?
Primary key is updated
Foreign key is updated
Row containing primary key is DELETED
Row containing foreign key is INSERTED
14. What are the 4 Actions to Correct Referential Integrity Violation?
RESTRICT - rejects an insert, update, or delete
SET NULL - sets invalid foreign keys to null
SET DEFAULT - sets invalid foreign keys to a default primary value
CASCADE - propagates primary key changes to foreign keys
15. What is an important aspect to referential integrity?
Reference to data in one relation is based on values in another relation.
16. What is a broad definition of data?
Raw facts captured on printed or digital media
17. What are data?
Facts that are collected and stored in a database system
18. What is a determining characteristic of unstructured data?
It does not follow a data model
19. What is true about flat files?
They contain no internal hierarchical organization
