GLOBAL
EDITION
Essentials of Geology
TWELFTH EDITION
'SFEFSJDL,-VUHFOTr&EXBSE+5BSCVDLr*MMVTUSBUFECZ%FOOJT5BTB
, ESSENTIALS OF
GEOLOGY
12e
GLOBAL EDITION
Frederick K. Lutgens
Edward J. Tarbuck
ILLUSTRATED BY
Dennis Tasa
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
,Acquisitions Editor: Andrew Dunaway Editorial Assistant: Sarah Shefveland
Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Editions: Laura Dent Senior Marketing Assistant: Nicola Houston
Acquisition Editor, Global Editions: Priyanka Ahuja Full Service/Composition: Cenveo® Publisher Services
Assistant Project Editor, Global Editions: Paromita Banerjee Project Manager, Full Service: Heidi Allgair
Senior Marketing Manager: Maureen McLaughlin Photo Manager: Maya Melenchuk
Project Manager: Crissy Dudonis Photo Researcher: Kristin Piljay
Project Management Team Lead: Gina M. Cheselka Text Permissions Manager: Alison Bruckner
Senior Production Manufacturing Controller, Global Editions: Trudy Kimber Design Manager: Derek Bacchus
Executive Development Editor: Jonathan Cheney Interior Design: Elise Lansdon Design
Director of Development: Jennifer Hart Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics
Content Producer: Timothy Hainley Photo and Illustration Support: International Mapping
Project Manager, Instructor Media: Eddie Lee Operations Specialist: Christy Hall
Media Production Manager, Global Editions: Vikram Kumar Cover Image Credit: © Im Perfect Lazybones/Shutterstock
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text or are
listed below.
Page 24: Quote from Aristotle, translated by Adams, F.D., in The Birth and Page 188: Quote from Jack Eddy, “A Fragile Seam of Dark Blue Light,” in
Development of the Geological Sciences, Dover Publications, 1954; Page 25: Proceedings of the Global Change Research Forum. U.S. Geological Survey
Quote from James Hutton, Theory of the Earth, 1785; Page 25: Quote from Circular 1086, 1993, p. 15; Page 277: Quote from Walter Mooney, a USGS
William L. Stokes, Essentials of Earth History, Prentice Hall, Inc. 1973, p. seismologist; Page 371: Quote from Exploration of the Colorado River of the
20; Page 26: Quote from James Hutton, Transactions of the Royal Society West (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1875), p. 203; Page 435:
of Edinburgh, 1788; Page 28: Quote from Jacob Bronowski, The Common Quote from J. D. Hays, John Imbrie, and N. J. Shackelton, “Variations in the
Sense of Science, p. 148, Harvard University Press, 1953; Page 29: Quote Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages,” Science 194 (1976): 1121–32. p.
from F. James Rutherford and Andrew Ahlgren, Science for All Americans 1131; Page 453: Quote from R. A. Bagnold, The Physics of Blown Sand and
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 7; Page 29: Quote from Desert Dunes, 2005; Page 494: Quote from James Hutton, Transactions of the
Speech delivered at Douai on December 7, 1854 on the occasion of his formal Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1805; Page 504: Quote from B. Bryson, A Short
inauguration to the Faculty of Letters of Douai and the Faculty of Sciences History of Nearly Everything (Broadway Books, 2003); Page 563: Quote
of Lille), reprinted in: Pasteur Vallery-Radot, ed., Oeuvres de Pasteur (Paris, from IPCC, “Summary for Policy Makers.” In Climate Change 2013: The
France: Masson and Co., 1939), vol. 7, page 131; Page 55: Quote from Physical Science Basis; Page 569: Quote from J. T. Overpeck, et al., “Arctic
Alfred Wegener, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, translated from the System on Trajectory to New, Seasonally Ice-Free States,” EOS, Transac-
4th revised German ed. of 1929 by J. Birman (London: Methuen, 1966); Page tions, American Geophysical Union, 86 (34): 309, August 23, 2005; Page
56: R. T. Chamberlain, quoted from Hallam, A. (1973) A Revolution in the 571: National Assessment Synthesis Team, Climate Change Impacts on the
Earth Sciences. Clarendon Press, Oxford; Page 124: Quote from Lee Green, United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change
MD, an associate professor at the University of Michigan Medical School; (Washington, DC: U.S. Global Research Program, 2000), p. 19.
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsonglobaleditions.com
© Pearson Education Limited 2015
The rights of Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward J. Tarbuck to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copy-
right, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Essentials of Geology, 12th Edition, ISBN 978-0-321-94773-4 by Frederick K. Lutgens and
Edward J. Tarbuck, published by Pearson Education © 2015.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechan-
ical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United
Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trade-
mark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners.
ISBN 10: 1-292-05718-1
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-05718-7
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Typeset in Minion Pro by Laserwords Private, Ltd
Printed and bound by Neografia in Slovakia
, Find SmartFigures and Mobile Field Trip Figures
In addition to the many informative and colorful illustrations and photos 6.10 The formation of rounded boulders (p. 186)
throughout this text, you will find two kinds of special figures that offer 6.11 Rock type influences weathering (p. 186)
additional learning opportunities. These figures contain QR codes which 6.13 Monuments to weathering (p. 187)
the student can scan with a smart phone to explore exciting expanded
online learning materials. Chapter 7
Find SmartFigures where Find Mobile Field Trip Figures 7.2 The big picture (p. 205)
you see this icon. where you see this icon. 7.7 Sorting and particle shape (p. 208)
Chapter 1 7.17 Bonneville salt flats (p. 214)
1.5 Earth history—Written in the rocks (p. 25) 7.22 Utah’s Capitol Reef National Park (p. 219)
1.7 Magnitude of geologic time (p. 27) 7.24 Lateral change (p. 222)
1.16 Nebular theory (p. 35) 7.32 Common oil traps (p. 227)
1.18 Earth’s layers (p. 38) Chapter 8
1.21 The rock cycle (p. 41) 8.3 Sources of heat for metamorphism (p. 238)
1.23 The continents (p. 44) 8.4 Confining pressure and differential stress (p. 238)
Chapter 2 8.14 Gneiss with garnet porphyroblasts, Adironacks, New York (p.
2.2 Reconstructions of Pangaea (p. 53) 245)
2.9 Rigid lithosphere overlies the weak asthenosphere (p. 58) 8.19 Rocks produced by contact metamorphism (p. 248)
2.14 Continental rifting: Formation of a new 8.23 Metamorphism along a fault zone (p. 250)
ocean basin (p. 61) 8.24 Textural variations caused by regional metamorphism (p. 251)
2.16 Three types of convergent plate boundaries (p. 62)
Chapter 9
2.20 Transform plate boundaries (p. 66)
9.5 Elastic rebound (p. 260)
2.22 Movement along the San Andreas Fault (p. 67)
9.10 Body waves (P and S waves) versus surface waves (p. 263)
2.30 Time scale of magnetic reversals (p. 73)
9.26 Turnagain Heights slide caused by the 1964 Alaska Earth-
Chapter 3 quake (p. 271)
3.3 Most rocks are aggregates of minerals (p. 87) 9.34 Seismac gaps: Tools for forecasting earthquakes (p. 277)
3.12 Color variations in minerals (p. 92)
Chapter 10
3.15 Common crystal habits (p. 93)
10.4 Satellite altimeter (p. 289)
3.16 Hardness scales (p. 94)
10.8 Active continental margins (p. 292)
3.18 Cleavage directions exhibited by minerals (p. 95)
10.17 Ridge segments that exhibit fast, intermediate, and slow
3.24 Five basic silicate structures (p. 98) spreading rates (p. 298)
Chapter 4 10.22 Midcontinent rift (p. 302)
4.3 Intrusive versus extrusive igneous rocks (p. 115) 10.24 The demise of the Farallon plate (p. 302)
4.7 Igneous rock textures (p. 119)
Chapter 11
4.12 Classification of igneous rocks (p. 122)
11.1 Deformed sedimentary strata (p. 310)
4.24 Partial melting (p. 131)
11.6 Common types of folds (p. 314)
4.27 Sill exposed in Sinbad country, Utah (p. 133)
11.7 Sheep Mountain, Wyoming (p. 315)
Chapter 5 11.8 Domes versus basins (p. 315)
5.10 Anatomy of a volcano (p. 153) 11.15 Normal dip-slip fault (p. 317)
5.14 Cinder cone (p. 156) 11.16 Normal faulting in the Basin and Range Province (p. 318)
5.23 Super-eruptions at Yellowstone (p. 165) 11.26 Collision and accretion of small crustal fragments to a conti-
5.29 Earth’s zones of volcanism (p. 170) nental margin (p. 325)
5.30 Subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate produced the Cascade 11.29 India’s continued northward migration severely deformed
volcanoes (p. 172) much of China and Southeast Asia (p. 327)
5.31 Large basalt provinces (p. 172) 11.30 Formation of the Appalachian Mountains (p. 328)
11.31 The Valley and Ridge Province (p. 329)
Chapter 6
11.33 The effects of isostatic adjustment and erosion on mountain-
6.4 Ice breaks rock (p. 182)
ous topography (p. 330)
6.5 Unloading leads to sheeting (p. 182)
EDITION
Essentials of Geology
TWELFTH EDITION
'SFEFSJDL,-VUHFOTr&EXBSE+5BSCVDLr*MMVTUSBUFECZ%FOOJT5BTB
, ESSENTIALS OF
GEOLOGY
12e
GLOBAL EDITION
Frederick K. Lutgens
Edward J. Tarbuck
ILLUSTRATED BY
Dennis Tasa
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
,Acquisitions Editor: Andrew Dunaway Editorial Assistant: Sarah Shefveland
Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Editions: Laura Dent Senior Marketing Assistant: Nicola Houston
Acquisition Editor, Global Editions: Priyanka Ahuja Full Service/Composition: Cenveo® Publisher Services
Assistant Project Editor, Global Editions: Paromita Banerjee Project Manager, Full Service: Heidi Allgair
Senior Marketing Manager: Maureen McLaughlin Photo Manager: Maya Melenchuk
Project Manager: Crissy Dudonis Photo Researcher: Kristin Piljay
Project Management Team Lead: Gina M. Cheselka Text Permissions Manager: Alison Bruckner
Senior Production Manufacturing Controller, Global Editions: Trudy Kimber Design Manager: Derek Bacchus
Executive Development Editor: Jonathan Cheney Interior Design: Elise Lansdon Design
Director of Development: Jennifer Hart Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics
Content Producer: Timothy Hainley Photo and Illustration Support: International Mapping
Project Manager, Instructor Media: Eddie Lee Operations Specialist: Christy Hall
Media Production Manager, Global Editions: Vikram Kumar Cover Image Credit: © Im Perfect Lazybones/Shutterstock
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text or are
listed below.
Page 24: Quote from Aristotle, translated by Adams, F.D., in The Birth and Page 188: Quote from Jack Eddy, “A Fragile Seam of Dark Blue Light,” in
Development of the Geological Sciences, Dover Publications, 1954; Page 25: Proceedings of the Global Change Research Forum. U.S. Geological Survey
Quote from James Hutton, Theory of the Earth, 1785; Page 25: Quote from Circular 1086, 1993, p. 15; Page 277: Quote from Walter Mooney, a USGS
William L. Stokes, Essentials of Earth History, Prentice Hall, Inc. 1973, p. seismologist; Page 371: Quote from Exploration of the Colorado River of the
20; Page 26: Quote from James Hutton, Transactions of the Royal Society West (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1875), p. 203; Page 435:
of Edinburgh, 1788; Page 28: Quote from Jacob Bronowski, The Common Quote from J. D. Hays, John Imbrie, and N. J. Shackelton, “Variations in the
Sense of Science, p. 148, Harvard University Press, 1953; Page 29: Quote Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages,” Science 194 (1976): 1121–32. p.
from F. James Rutherford and Andrew Ahlgren, Science for All Americans 1131; Page 453: Quote from R. A. Bagnold, The Physics of Blown Sand and
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 7; Page 29: Quote from Desert Dunes, 2005; Page 494: Quote from James Hutton, Transactions of the
Speech delivered at Douai on December 7, 1854 on the occasion of his formal Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1805; Page 504: Quote from B. Bryson, A Short
inauguration to the Faculty of Letters of Douai and the Faculty of Sciences History of Nearly Everything (Broadway Books, 2003); Page 563: Quote
of Lille), reprinted in: Pasteur Vallery-Radot, ed., Oeuvres de Pasteur (Paris, from IPCC, “Summary for Policy Makers.” In Climate Change 2013: The
France: Masson and Co., 1939), vol. 7, page 131; Page 55: Quote from Physical Science Basis; Page 569: Quote from J. T. Overpeck, et al., “Arctic
Alfred Wegener, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, translated from the System on Trajectory to New, Seasonally Ice-Free States,” EOS, Transac-
4th revised German ed. of 1929 by J. Birman (London: Methuen, 1966); Page tions, American Geophysical Union, 86 (34): 309, August 23, 2005; Page
56: R. T. Chamberlain, quoted from Hallam, A. (1973) A Revolution in the 571: National Assessment Synthesis Team, Climate Change Impacts on the
Earth Sciences. Clarendon Press, Oxford; Page 124: Quote from Lee Green, United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change
MD, an associate professor at the University of Michigan Medical School; (Washington, DC: U.S. Global Research Program, 2000), p. 19.
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsonglobaleditions.com
© Pearson Education Limited 2015
The rights of Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward J. Tarbuck to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copy-
right, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Essentials of Geology, 12th Edition, ISBN 978-0-321-94773-4 by Frederick K. Lutgens and
Edward J. Tarbuck, published by Pearson Education © 2015.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechan-
ical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United
Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trade-
mark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners.
ISBN 10: 1-292-05718-1
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-05718-7
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Typeset in Minion Pro by Laserwords Private, Ltd
Printed and bound by Neografia in Slovakia
, Find SmartFigures and Mobile Field Trip Figures
In addition to the many informative and colorful illustrations and photos 6.10 The formation of rounded boulders (p. 186)
throughout this text, you will find two kinds of special figures that offer 6.11 Rock type influences weathering (p. 186)
additional learning opportunities. These figures contain QR codes which 6.13 Monuments to weathering (p. 187)
the student can scan with a smart phone to explore exciting expanded
online learning materials. Chapter 7
Find SmartFigures where Find Mobile Field Trip Figures 7.2 The big picture (p. 205)
you see this icon. where you see this icon. 7.7 Sorting and particle shape (p. 208)
Chapter 1 7.17 Bonneville salt flats (p. 214)
1.5 Earth history—Written in the rocks (p. 25) 7.22 Utah’s Capitol Reef National Park (p. 219)
1.7 Magnitude of geologic time (p. 27) 7.24 Lateral change (p. 222)
1.16 Nebular theory (p. 35) 7.32 Common oil traps (p. 227)
1.18 Earth’s layers (p. 38) Chapter 8
1.21 The rock cycle (p. 41) 8.3 Sources of heat for metamorphism (p. 238)
1.23 The continents (p. 44) 8.4 Confining pressure and differential stress (p. 238)
Chapter 2 8.14 Gneiss with garnet porphyroblasts, Adironacks, New York (p.
2.2 Reconstructions of Pangaea (p. 53) 245)
2.9 Rigid lithosphere overlies the weak asthenosphere (p. 58) 8.19 Rocks produced by contact metamorphism (p. 248)
2.14 Continental rifting: Formation of a new 8.23 Metamorphism along a fault zone (p. 250)
ocean basin (p. 61) 8.24 Textural variations caused by regional metamorphism (p. 251)
2.16 Three types of convergent plate boundaries (p. 62)
Chapter 9
2.20 Transform plate boundaries (p. 66)
9.5 Elastic rebound (p. 260)
2.22 Movement along the San Andreas Fault (p. 67)
9.10 Body waves (P and S waves) versus surface waves (p. 263)
2.30 Time scale of magnetic reversals (p. 73)
9.26 Turnagain Heights slide caused by the 1964 Alaska Earth-
Chapter 3 quake (p. 271)
3.3 Most rocks are aggregates of minerals (p. 87) 9.34 Seismac gaps: Tools for forecasting earthquakes (p. 277)
3.12 Color variations in minerals (p. 92)
Chapter 10
3.15 Common crystal habits (p. 93)
10.4 Satellite altimeter (p. 289)
3.16 Hardness scales (p. 94)
10.8 Active continental margins (p. 292)
3.18 Cleavage directions exhibited by minerals (p. 95)
10.17 Ridge segments that exhibit fast, intermediate, and slow
3.24 Five basic silicate structures (p. 98) spreading rates (p. 298)
Chapter 4 10.22 Midcontinent rift (p. 302)
4.3 Intrusive versus extrusive igneous rocks (p. 115) 10.24 The demise of the Farallon plate (p. 302)
4.7 Igneous rock textures (p. 119)
Chapter 11
4.12 Classification of igneous rocks (p. 122)
11.1 Deformed sedimentary strata (p. 310)
4.24 Partial melting (p. 131)
11.6 Common types of folds (p. 314)
4.27 Sill exposed in Sinbad country, Utah (p. 133)
11.7 Sheep Mountain, Wyoming (p. 315)
Chapter 5 11.8 Domes versus basins (p. 315)
5.10 Anatomy of a volcano (p. 153) 11.15 Normal dip-slip fault (p. 317)
5.14 Cinder cone (p. 156) 11.16 Normal faulting in the Basin and Range Province (p. 318)
5.23 Super-eruptions at Yellowstone (p. 165) 11.26 Collision and accretion of small crustal fragments to a conti-
5.29 Earth’s zones of volcanism (p. 170) nental margin (p. 325)
5.30 Subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate produced the Cascade 11.29 India’s continued northward migration severely deformed
volcanoes (p. 172) much of China and Southeast Asia (p. 327)
5.31 Large basalt provinces (p. 172) 11.30 Formation of the Appalachian Mountains (p. 328)
11.31 The Valley and Ridge Province (p. 329)
Chapter 6
11.33 The effects of isostatic adjustment and erosion on mountain-
6.4 Ice breaks rock (p. 182)
ous topography (p. 330)
6.5 Unloading leads to sheeting (p. 182)
