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NURS 2850 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 2026 LATEST QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS| ACE YOUR GRADES.
Muscular dystrophy - correct answer -gradual loss or
PROGRESSIVE of strength with increasing disability and
deformities occur with all forms of MD.
Muscular dystrophy - ETIOLOGY - correct answer -progressive
symmetric wasting a skeleton muscles without evidence of
neurologic involvement
X-Linked, only in males, 50% sporadic and 50% genetic
Muscular dystrophy -PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - correct answer -
abnormal jeans or mutations interfere with the production of
proteins needed to form healthy muscle.
Defect in genetic code for dystrophia (present in skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle)
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Muscular dystrophy -initial clinical presentation - correct answer -
muscle weakness typically begins in the face, hips and shoulders.
waddling, wide based gait, absent tendon reflexes in upper
extremities
Gowers sign - correct answer -lay down on the floor and have a
hard time getting up --> using hands to walk themselves up
-only associated with Muscular Dystrophy
Multiple Sclerosis - correct answer -chronic neurological disorder
that affects the brain and spinal cord. It is a demyelinating
disorder that results in inflammation and damage to the myelin
and other cells within the CNS
Multiple Sclerosis -ETIOLOGY - correct answer -he damage to
the Myelin of the CNS and peripheral nerves is caused by an
autoimmune inflammatory disorder. Several risk factors, including
genetic predisposition, viral or other ineffective process, trauma,
or exposure to heavy metals, may trigger the autoimmune
response in MS.
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Multiple Sclerosis - FAILS TO GO INTO REMISSION - correct
answer -alternatively, areas of the myelination can remain
damaged and turn to irreversible fibrotic scar tissue.
Multiple Sclerosis - ROLE OF T-CELLS IN DEVELOPMENT -
correct answer -abnormally sensitized to attack Myelin cause the
damage of MS. T cells damage the CNS Myelin; this acts as a
stimulant for more T cells to be activated and damage more
myelin. Ultimately, demyelination of multiple areas of the CNS
results.
Multiple Sclerosis - REMISSION - correct answer -inflammatory
phase can resolve in areas of demyelination and can heal,
allowing the disease to go into remission.
Multiple Sclerosis -COMMON SYMPTOMS - correct answer -
weakness, numbness, tingling sensations, balance problems,
blurred vision, and fatigue.
troubles swallowing
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Multiple Sclerosis - RELAPSING -REMITTING FORM - correct
answer -consist of brief episodes, lasting anywhere between
several weeks to three months, of various symptoms, occurring
approximately every 1 to 3 years; these are followed by a
complete or almost complete return to normal function.
Multiple Sclerosis -VISION PROBLEMS - correct answer -optic
nerves are heavily myelinated, when those nerves are attacked,
patients may experience a temporary distortion or loss of vision in
one eye, impairment in color perception, or pain without
movement.
Multiple Sclerosis -SYMPTOMS OF MOTOR NERVE DAMAGE -
correct answer -Hemiparesis, paraparesis, and quadriparesis.
difficulty walking and sexual dysfunction
Multiple Sclerosis - RISK OF ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA -
correct answer -Dehydration or malnutrition can result because
of swallowing difficulties or an inability to care for oneself.
Individuals with MS have dysphagia in later stages of the illness,
increasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia.
NURS 2850 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 2026 LATEST QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS| ACE YOUR GRADES.
Muscular dystrophy - correct answer -gradual loss or
PROGRESSIVE of strength with increasing disability and
deformities occur with all forms of MD.
Muscular dystrophy - ETIOLOGY - correct answer -progressive
symmetric wasting a skeleton muscles without evidence of
neurologic involvement
X-Linked, only in males, 50% sporadic and 50% genetic
Muscular dystrophy -PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - correct answer -
abnormal jeans or mutations interfere with the production of
proteins needed to form healthy muscle.
Defect in genetic code for dystrophia (present in skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle)
, Page | 2
Muscular dystrophy -initial clinical presentation - correct answer -
muscle weakness typically begins in the face, hips and shoulders.
waddling, wide based gait, absent tendon reflexes in upper
extremities
Gowers sign - correct answer -lay down on the floor and have a
hard time getting up --> using hands to walk themselves up
-only associated with Muscular Dystrophy
Multiple Sclerosis - correct answer -chronic neurological disorder
that affects the brain and spinal cord. It is a demyelinating
disorder that results in inflammation and damage to the myelin
and other cells within the CNS
Multiple Sclerosis -ETIOLOGY - correct answer -he damage to
the Myelin of the CNS and peripheral nerves is caused by an
autoimmune inflammatory disorder. Several risk factors, including
genetic predisposition, viral or other ineffective process, trauma,
or exposure to heavy metals, may trigger the autoimmune
response in MS.
, Page | 3
Multiple Sclerosis - FAILS TO GO INTO REMISSION - correct
answer -alternatively, areas of the myelination can remain
damaged and turn to irreversible fibrotic scar tissue.
Multiple Sclerosis - ROLE OF T-CELLS IN DEVELOPMENT -
correct answer -abnormally sensitized to attack Myelin cause the
damage of MS. T cells damage the CNS Myelin; this acts as a
stimulant for more T cells to be activated and damage more
myelin. Ultimately, demyelination of multiple areas of the CNS
results.
Multiple Sclerosis - REMISSION - correct answer -inflammatory
phase can resolve in areas of demyelination and can heal,
allowing the disease to go into remission.
Multiple Sclerosis -COMMON SYMPTOMS - correct answer -
weakness, numbness, tingling sensations, balance problems,
blurred vision, and fatigue.
troubles swallowing
, Page | 4
Multiple Sclerosis - RELAPSING -REMITTING FORM - correct
answer -consist of brief episodes, lasting anywhere between
several weeks to three months, of various symptoms, occurring
approximately every 1 to 3 years; these are followed by a
complete or almost complete return to normal function.
Multiple Sclerosis -VISION PROBLEMS - correct answer -optic
nerves are heavily myelinated, when those nerves are attacked,
patients may experience a temporary distortion or loss of vision in
one eye, impairment in color perception, or pain without
movement.
Multiple Sclerosis -SYMPTOMS OF MOTOR NERVE DAMAGE -
correct answer -Hemiparesis, paraparesis, and quadriparesis.
difficulty walking and sexual dysfunction
Multiple Sclerosis - RISK OF ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA -
correct answer -Dehydration or malnutrition can result because
of swallowing difficulties or an inability to care for oneself.
Individuals with MS have dysphagia in later stages of the illness,
increasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia.
