HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM MASTERY COMPLETE SYSTEMS REVIEW WITH CLINICAL INTEGRATION 2026

ESTUDYR



HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM MASTERY COMPLETE
SYSTEMS REVIEW WITH CLINICAL INTEGRATION
CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

Which structure controls movement of substances into and out of the cell?

A. Nucleus
B. Cytoplasm
C. Cell membrane
D. Ribosome

Correct Answer: C. Cell membrane

Rationale:
The cell membrane is selectively permeable and regulates transport of ions, nutrients, and waste.
It maintains homeostasis using channels, carriers, and pumps.



Question 2

Which transport mechanism requires energy (ATP)?

A. Diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Active transport

Correct Answer: D. Active transport

Rationale:
Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using ATP. Example:
Na⁺/K⁺ pump.



Question 3

Which ion is highest in intracellular fluid?

, ESTUDYR


A. Sodium
B. Chloride
C. Potassium
D. Calcium

Correct Answer: C. Potassium

Rationale:
Potassium is the major intracellular cation, essential for membrane potential and nerve
conduction.



Question 4

What is the resting membrane potential of most cells?

A. +30 mV
B. 0 mV
C. –70 mV
D. –120 mV

Correct Answer: C. –70 mV

Rationale:
Resting membrane potential is primarily maintained by Na⁺/K⁺ pump and potassium leak
channels.



Question 5

Osmosis refers to movement of:

A. Solutes
B. Water
C. Proteins
D. Ions

Correct Answer: B. Water

Rationale:
Osmosis is movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration
to high solute concentration.