NTR 604 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | GRADED A+ | 100% GUARANTEED PASS.

NTR 604 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | GRADED A+ | 100% GUARANTEED PASS. What are three functions of gas exchange? - ANSWER-maintains homeostasis by feedback mechanisms carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen ion concentrations determine the rate of respiration by acting directly on the respiratory center of the brain directs the contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles What is the primary function of the pulmonary system? - ANSWER-gas exchange Define alveoli. - ANSWER-function for gas exchange between air and blood Define surfactant. - ANSWER-A lipoprotein that coats the alveoli to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse Name the obstructive lung diseases. - ANSWER-asthma cystic fibrosis (CF) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) emphysema chronic bronchitis Define asthma. - ANSWER-chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways leading to recurrent but reversible episodes of airway obstruction What are s/s of asthma? - ANSWER-coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, SOB Define cystic fibrosis - ANSWER-a genetic disorder that affects the lungs as well as the pancreas, and at times other organs - it causes the mucous to become thick and sticky, which clogs the lungs and prevents the pancreas from producing digestive enzymes Define COPD. - ANSWER-progressive, persistent airflow limitation that is associated with a chronic inflammatory response in the airways and lungs Define emphysema. - ANSWER-characterized by anatomical alterations including, overinflated and broken alveolar sacs, bronchioles, and broken alveolar capillaries Define chronic bronchitis. - ANSWER-characterized by excessive mucous secretion of the bronchial tree What makes swallowing difficulty regarding lung diseases? - ANSWER-the presence of hypoxemia as swallowing involves holding breath Why is energy expenditure increase in lung diseases? - ANSWER-increased work of breathing ventilatory muscle inefficiency -- increased resistance, decreased efficiency depression cigarette smoking What is pulmonary cachexia syndrome? - ANSWER-malnutrition associated with advanced lung disease What are the factors for COPD? - ANSWER-smoking, air pollution, occupational exposure, repeated respiratory infections, hereditary, aging, allergies How does hyperinflation of the lungs flattening the diaphragm effect nutritional intake? - ANSWER-it results in early satiety, belching, and bloating What are the lung disease effects on nutritional intake? - ANSWER-impaired GI function increased energy expenditure swallowing difficulty What are the contributing factors of pulmonary cachexia syndrome? - ANSWER-changes in metabolism and intake inflammation lack of exercise medications What are the energy and protein requirements for chronic pulmonary patients? - ANSWER-25- 30 kcal/kg 1.2-1.7 g pro/kg What do carbohydrates produce the most of? - ANSWER-carbon dioxide What is the maximum amount of carbohydrates that a chronic pulmonary patient can tolerate? - ANSWER-5 mg/kg/min What happens when carbohydrates are consumed in excess in chronic pulmonary patients? - ANSWER-hyperglycemia, synthesis and storage of fat, hepatic steatosis, cholestasis and increased carbon dioxide production What two micronutrients are important to monitor in chronic pulmonary patients? - ANSWERphosphorus and magnesium What can hypophosphatemia lead to? - ANSWER-respiratory failure as it: - reduces the delivery of oxygen to tissues - results in decreased contractility of respiratory muscles What can hypomagnesemia lead to? - ANSWER-respiratory muscle weakness What medications are used for general treatment for chronic lung diseases? - ANSWER-steroids bronchodilators antibiotics How do steroids improve chronic lung diseases? - ANSWER-open breathing tubes by decreasing swelling What macronutrient produces the least amount of carbon dioxide? - ANSWER-fat When does the production of excess carbon dioxide occur? - ANSWER-when patients are overfed (1.5 x REE) What diet regimen benefits patients having difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation with a pCO2 50? - ANSWER-high fat regimen -- for most patients, provide approx. 35% of total calories as fat How do bronchodilators improve chronic lung diseases? - ANSWER-open airways by relaxing muscle walls and loosening mucous by increasing airflow How do antibiotics improve chronic lung diseases? - ANSWER-fight infections by killing bacteria What are the general treatment recommendations for chronic lung diseases? - ANSWERimprovement of oxygen delivery regular exercise control of inflammation medications What are specific nutrition treatment/education recommendations for COPD? - ANSWERconsume 5-6 small meals/day rest before and after meals use oxygen during meals, if ordered by MD separate liquids and solid food at meals to avoid distention use soft, easy to chew foods to avoid exertion use nutrient dense foods restrict salt, if needed What are the three phases of acute respiratory distress syndrome? - ANSWER-exudative (0-7 days) proliferative (7-10 days) fibrotic (10 days) What are the benefits of indirect calorimetry? - ANSWER-prevention of over- or under-feeding improved outcomes decreased ventilatory days decreased LOS True or False: For patients taking chemotherapy or radiation therapy, it is recommended to take an antioxidant - ANSWER-false What is the primary nutrition concern associated with cystic fibrosis? - ANSWER-nutrient malabsorption Who is at greater risk for gastric cancer? Jeff, a 30-year-old male with no relevant medical history but is a smoker Annie, a 19-year-old female with no relevant medical history but is a past drug user Pierce, a 70-year-old male with a past H. pylori infection and is also a smoker Shirley, a 50-year-old woman who is slightly overweight and eats pickles as a snack - ANSWERPierce, a 70-year-old male with a past H. pylori infection and is also a smoker Where does Crohn's disease occur in the gastrointestinal tract? - ANSWER-the entire GI tract True or False: The following are the recommended energy and protein needs for severe acute pancreatitis Indirect calorimetry (IC) if possible 25 kcal/kg/d if IC is unavailable 1.5 g/kg/d protein - ANSWER-true True or False: After SBS patients receive surgery, insoluble fibers are easier to digest (whole grains/bran products) than soluble fiber (oatmeal, barley, soy, nut butter) - ANSWER-false What supplement is not allowed to be used for cancer research in the U.S.? - ANSWER-scorpion venom What supplement inhibits stress hormones such as norepinephrine? - ANSWER-Kava What antioxidant that has been identified as an agent with potential anticancer properties (prostate cancer)? - ANSWER-lycopene