SPEX303 EXAM 2026 NEWEST ACTUAL
EXAM 250+ QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
CORRECT ANSWERS
Fat Metabolism differences from CHO - ANSWER>>Less ATP/sec
More O2/ATP
Only used aerobically
Not maximised immediately
Greater storage
Increased w exercise duration
Increased w training, at given intensity
CHO Metabolism differences from Fat - ANSWER>>More ATP/sec
Less O2/ATP
Used aerobically and anaerobically
Limited glycogen stores
Increased w increasing intensity
Decreased w training at given intensity
Fat and CHO Metabolism Similarities - ANSWER>>Greater capacity with
training
Break down products can be metabolised in Krebs Cycle
,Low E state of cell enhances release from storage and oxidation
Sympathetic drive and Adren/NorAdren from adrenal glands enhances
release from storage (fatty acids & glucose from glycogen)
Describe demands of Anaerobic Glycolysis - ANSWER>>As exercise
intensity increases, more NADH2 formed than can be oxidised in ETC/oxid
phosphorylation . Continued metabolism via glycolysis requires NAD+
reformed and H2 to be accepted by another molecule. Hence, temporary
reduction of pyruvic acid to form lactic acid.
Reaction increases with increasing energy demands
When and how is Pyruvate reformed? - ANSWER>>At rest after exercise,
or in a different cell
As exercise intensity drops to a level at which NADH canbee oxidised,
lactic acid is oxidised back to pyruvic acid, allowing the oxidative
metabolism of pyruvate to proceed
Where does the glucose utilised in muscle come from? -
ANSWER>>Muscle and liver
Where does the fat utilised in exercise come from? - ANSWER>>Skeletal
muscle and adipose tissue
How does eating affect substrate use? - ANSWER>>What we eat can
supply some substrates - eating carbs get glucose into bloodstream via
effects of hormones
- liver has ability to push glucose into bloodstream
,- adipose tissue break down Triglycerides
What is fat stored as? - ANSWER>>Triglycerides
What enzyme splits fatty acids from glycerol in adipose tissue and muscle?
- ANSWER>>Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
What enzyme splits fatty acids from glycerol in bloodstream? -
ANSWER>>Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
How do FFA get into muscle cell from bloodstream? - ANSWER>>Binding
proteins
FFA Activation and Translocation into Mitochondria via? -
ANSWER>>Carnitine Acyl Transferase (CAT)
FFA metabolised via? - ANSWER>>Beta oxidation to Acetyl Co-A
What is the rate limiting step of FA oxidation? - ANSWER>>Carnitine
translocation
Which organ provides glucose by breaking down stored glycogen? -
ANSWER>>Liver
Effect of fasting on liver glycogen? - ANSWER>>Fasting depletes liver
glycogen, enhances gluconeogenesis; as does prolonged exercise (several
hours)
, Which hormones affect the release of glucose from liver? -
ANSWER>>Glucagon
Insulin
Catecholamines
When is insulin not necessary for glucose uptake into muscle? -
ANSWER>>During exercise (muscle contraction stimulates uptake of
glucose into muscle)
What is the primary substrate for the brain? - ANSWER>>Glucose
What stimulates uptake of glucose into muscle (independent of insulin)? -
ANSWER>>Muscle contractions
What process does low insulin allow to proceed? - ANSWER>>Fatty acid
oxidation
What are Myokines? - ANSWER>>Cytokines or other small proteins or
peptides produced and released by muscle in response to contraction
Functions of the Liver - ANSWER>>Making glucose from other glucogenic
substances
Converting some amino acids to others
Detoxification
EXAM 250+ QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
CORRECT ANSWERS
Fat Metabolism differences from CHO - ANSWER>>Less ATP/sec
More O2/ATP
Only used aerobically
Not maximised immediately
Greater storage
Increased w exercise duration
Increased w training, at given intensity
CHO Metabolism differences from Fat - ANSWER>>More ATP/sec
Less O2/ATP
Used aerobically and anaerobically
Limited glycogen stores
Increased w increasing intensity
Decreased w training at given intensity
Fat and CHO Metabolism Similarities - ANSWER>>Greater capacity with
training
Break down products can be metabolised in Krebs Cycle
,Low E state of cell enhances release from storage and oxidation
Sympathetic drive and Adren/NorAdren from adrenal glands enhances
release from storage (fatty acids & glucose from glycogen)
Describe demands of Anaerobic Glycolysis - ANSWER>>As exercise
intensity increases, more NADH2 formed than can be oxidised in ETC/oxid
phosphorylation . Continued metabolism via glycolysis requires NAD+
reformed and H2 to be accepted by another molecule. Hence, temporary
reduction of pyruvic acid to form lactic acid.
Reaction increases with increasing energy demands
When and how is Pyruvate reformed? - ANSWER>>At rest after exercise,
or in a different cell
As exercise intensity drops to a level at which NADH canbee oxidised,
lactic acid is oxidised back to pyruvic acid, allowing the oxidative
metabolism of pyruvate to proceed
Where does the glucose utilised in muscle come from? -
ANSWER>>Muscle and liver
Where does the fat utilised in exercise come from? - ANSWER>>Skeletal
muscle and adipose tissue
How does eating affect substrate use? - ANSWER>>What we eat can
supply some substrates - eating carbs get glucose into bloodstream via
effects of hormones
- liver has ability to push glucose into bloodstream
,- adipose tissue break down Triglycerides
What is fat stored as? - ANSWER>>Triglycerides
What enzyme splits fatty acids from glycerol in adipose tissue and muscle?
- ANSWER>>Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
What enzyme splits fatty acids from glycerol in bloodstream? -
ANSWER>>Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
How do FFA get into muscle cell from bloodstream? - ANSWER>>Binding
proteins
FFA Activation and Translocation into Mitochondria via? -
ANSWER>>Carnitine Acyl Transferase (CAT)
FFA metabolised via? - ANSWER>>Beta oxidation to Acetyl Co-A
What is the rate limiting step of FA oxidation? - ANSWER>>Carnitine
translocation
Which organ provides glucose by breaking down stored glycogen? -
ANSWER>>Liver
Effect of fasting on liver glycogen? - ANSWER>>Fasting depletes liver
glycogen, enhances gluconeogenesis; as does prolonged exercise (several
hours)
, Which hormones affect the release of glucose from liver? -
ANSWER>>Glucagon
Insulin
Catecholamines
When is insulin not necessary for glucose uptake into muscle? -
ANSWER>>During exercise (muscle contraction stimulates uptake of
glucose into muscle)
What is the primary substrate for the brain? - ANSWER>>Glucose
What stimulates uptake of glucose into muscle (independent of insulin)? -
ANSWER>>Muscle contractions
What process does low insulin allow to proceed? - ANSWER>>Fatty acid
oxidation
What are Myokines? - ANSWER>>Cytokines or other small proteins or
peptides produced and released by muscle in response to contraction
Functions of the Liver - ANSWER>>Making glucose from other glucogenic
substances
Converting some amino acids to others
Detoxification
