ESTUDYR
HUMAN PATHOLOGY FINAL EXAM MASTERY COMPLETE
SYSTEMS AND DISEASE MECHANISMS REVIEW
Question 1
Which term refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment?
A. Metabolism
B. Homeostasis
C. Adaptation
D. Perfusion
Correct Answer: B. Homeostasis
Rationale:
Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions such as temperature, pH,
and electrolyte balance despite external changes. Loss of homeostasis leads to disease.
Question 2
Which type of cell injury is reversible?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Cellular swelling
D. Gangrene
Correct Answer: C. Cellular swelling
Rationale:
Cellular swelling results from failure of ion pumps and is reversible if the cause is removed.
Necrosis and gangrene are irreversible injuries.
Question 3
What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A. Infection
B. Hypoxia
,ESTUDYR
C. Cancer
D. Trauma
Correct Answer: B. Hypoxia
Rationale:
Hypoxia (lack of oxygen) impairs ATP production, leading to failure of essential cellular
functions.
Question 4
Which adaptation involves increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B. Hypertrophy
Rationale:
Hypertrophy increases cell size, not number. Example: cardiac muscle enlargement in
hypertension.
Question 5
Which adaptation involves increase in cell number?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Necrosis
Correct Answer: A. Hyperplasia
Rationale:
Hyperplasia increases number of cells. Example: uterine enlargement during pregnancy.
, ESTUDYR
Question 6
Which adaptation involves decrease in cell size?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C. Atrophy
Rationale:
Atrophy occurs due to disuse, malnutrition, or aging.
Question 7
Replacement of one cell type with another is called:
A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Neoplasia
Correct Answer: C. Metaplasia
Rationale:
Metaplasia is reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another. Example: smoking
causes respiratory epithelial changes.
Question 8
Which is irreversible cell injury?
A. Swelling
B. Fat accumulation
C. Necrosis
D. Edema
Correct Answer: C. Necrosis
HUMAN PATHOLOGY FINAL EXAM MASTERY COMPLETE
SYSTEMS AND DISEASE MECHANISMS REVIEW
Question 1
Which term refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment?
A. Metabolism
B. Homeostasis
C. Adaptation
D. Perfusion
Correct Answer: B. Homeostasis
Rationale:
Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions such as temperature, pH,
and electrolyte balance despite external changes. Loss of homeostasis leads to disease.
Question 2
Which type of cell injury is reversible?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Cellular swelling
D. Gangrene
Correct Answer: C. Cellular swelling
Rationale:
Cellular swelling results from failure of ion pumps and is reversible if the cause is removed.
Necrosis and gangrene are irreversible injuries.
Question 3
What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A. Infection
B. Hypoxia
,ESTUDYR
C. Cancer
D. Trauma
Correct Answer: B. Hypoxia
Rationale:
Hypoxia (lack of oxygen) impairs ATP production, leading to failure of essential cellular
functions.
Question 4
Which adaptation involves increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B. Hypertrophy
Rationale:
Hypertrophy increases cell size, not number. Example: cardiac muscle enlargement in
hypertension.
Question 5
Which adaptation involves increase in cell number?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Necrosis
Correct Answer: A. Hyperplasia
Rationale:
Hyperplasia increases number of cells. Example: uterine enlargement during pregnancy.
, ESTUDYR
Question 6
Which adaptation involves decrease in cell size?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C. Atrophy
Rationale:
Atrophy occurs due to disuse, malnutrition, or aging.
Question 7
Replacement of one cell type with another is called:
A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Neoplasia
Correct Answer: C. Metaplasia
Rationale:
Metaplasia is reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another. Example: smoking
causes respiratory epithelial changes.
Question 8
Which is irreversible cell injury?
A. Swelling
B. Fat accumulation
C. Necrosis
D. Edema
Correct Answer: C. Necrosis
