Baroreceptors, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Aldosterone, ADH, ANP, Lifestyle Modifications, Diuretics, Loop Diuretics, Thiazides, Potassium-Sparing Diuretics, ACE Inhibitors, ARBs, Calcium Channel Blockers, Vasodilato

Baroreceptors, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Aldosterone, ADH, ANP, Lifestyle Modifications, Diuretics, Loop Diuretics, Thiazides, Potassium-Sparing Diuretics, ACE Inhibitors, ARBs, Calcium Channel Blockers, Vasodilators, Beta Blockers, Digoxin, Heart Failure, Dysrhythmias, Cholesterol Management, Statins, Antianginal Therapy, Nitroglycerin, Anticoagulants Exam Questions Verified and Complete with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Baroreceptors Sensors that respond to pressure (Carotid and Aortic) -monitor blood pressure (detects changes in pressure) Norepinephrine and epinephrine Norepinephrine - causes CONSTRICTION Epinephrine- Causes DILATION Renin - Angiotension System produced by the Kidney. Renal baroreceptors sense a change in BP and release renin to increase or decrease of blood pressure. If BP is high=release of renin is decreased. If BP is low: release of renin is increased Aldosterone circulates to the kidney and causes cells to INCREASE SODIUM REABSORPTION. An increase in plasma volume will increase blood pressure antidiuretic hormone (ADH) POTENT VASOCONSTRICTOR to increase blood pressure Atrial Natiuretic Peptide (ANP) hormone released from the right atrium in response to an increase in blood volume. Works on the kidneys TO INCREASE THE EXCRETION OF SODIUM LOOK AT SLIDE 8 JNC 8 Guidelines Lifestyle Modifications -Sodium restriction -alcohol restriction -aerobic exercise or increase activity - smoking cessation Diuretics Mechanism of action: -Blockade of sodium and chloride reabsorption Site of action: -Proximal tubule produces greatest diuresis Adverse effects: -Hypovolemia (emergency condition in which severe blood or fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body) - Acid-base imbalance -electrolyte imbalances - Hypokalemia (metabolic imbalance characterized by extremely low potassium levels in the blood... signs and symptoms include muscle weakness and cramps) Furosemide Mechanism of action: -Acts on ascending Loop of Henle to block sodium and chloride reabsorption Therapeutic Uses: -Pulmonary edema -Edematous states -hypertension Adverse effects: -Hyponatremia -Hypochloremia -dehydration. -Orthostatic hypotension due to loss of blood volume (check blood pressure and pulse prior to dosage administration) -Hypokalemia (can be alleviated by consuming a banana or potassium rich nuts) -Otoxicity Furosemide (drug interactions) -Digoxin -ototoxic drugs -potassium-sparing diuretics -Lithium -Antihypertensive agents -Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Other Loop Diuretics Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin) All can cause: Ototoxicity, hypovolemia, hypotension, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, and disruption of lipid metabolism. Furosemide is always used first line All diuretics should be given in the morning hours. Thiazides also known as benzothiadiazides. Effects similar to those of loop diuretic -INCREASED RENAL EXCRETION OF SODIUM, CHLORIDE, POTASSIUM AND WATER Hydrochlorotiazide (HCTZ) Therapeutic uses: -essential hypertension -edema Adverse effects: